4,858 research outputs found
Self-Similar Force-Free Wind From an Accretion Disk
We consider a self-similar force-free wind flowing out of an infinitely thin
disk located in the equatorial plane. On the disk plane, we assume that the
magnetic stream function scales as , where is the
cylindrical radius. We also assume that the azimuthal velocity in the disk is
constant: , where is a constant. For each choice of the
parameters and , we find an infinite number of solutions that are
physically well-behaved and have fluid velocity throughout the domain
of interest. Among these solutions, we show via physical arguments and
time-dependent numerical simulations that the minimum-torque solution, i.e.,
the solution with the smallest amount of toroidal field, is the one picked by a
real system. For , the Lorentz factor of the outflow increases
along a field line as \gamma \approx M(z/\Rfp)^{(2-\nu)/2} \approx R/R_{\rm
A}, where \Rfp is the radius of the foot-point of the field line on the disk
and R_{\rm A}=\Rfp/M is the cylindrical radius at which the field line
crosses the Alfven surface or the light cylinder. For , the Lorentz
factor follows the same scaling for z/\Rfp < M^{-1/(1-\nu)}, but at larger
distances it grows more slowly: \gamma \approx (z/\Rfp)^{\nu/2}. For either
regime of , the dependence of on shows that the rotation of
the disk plays a strong role in jet acceleration. On the other hand, the
poloidal shape of a field line is given by z/\Rfp \approx
(R/\Rfp)^{2/(2-\nu)} and is independent of . Thus rotation has neither a
collimating nor a decollimating effect on field lines, suggesting that
relativistic astrophysical jets are not collimated by the rotational winding up
of the magnetic field.Comment: 21 pages, 15 figures, accepted to MNRA
General Relativistic Force-Free Electrodynamics: A New Code and Applications to Black Hole Magnetospheres
The force-free limit of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is often a reasonable
approximation to model black hole and neutron star magnetospheres. We describe
a general relativistic force-free (GRFFE) formulation that allows general
relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) codes to directly evolve the GRFFE
equations of motion. Established, accurate, and well-tested conservative GRMHD
codes can simply add a new inversion piece of code to their existing code,
while continuing to use all the already-developed facilities present in their
GRMHD code. We show how to enforce the constraint
and energy conservation, and we introduce a simplified general model of the
dissipation of the electric field to enforce the constraint. We
also introduce a simplified yet general method to resolve current sheets,
without much reconnection, over many dynamical times. This formulation is
incorporated into an existing GRMHD code (HARM), which is demonstrated to give
accurate and robust GRFFE results for Minkowski and black hole space-times.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS Main Journa
Relativistic Force-Free Electrodynamic Simulations of Neutron Star Magnetospheres
The luminosity and structure of neutron star magnetospheres are crucial to
our understanding of pulsar and plerion emission. A solution found using the
force-free approximation would be an interesting standard with which any model
with more physics could be compared. Prior quasi-analytic force-free solutions
may not be stable, while prior time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic models used
unphysical model parameters. We use a time-dependent relativistic force-free
electrodynamics code with no free parameters to find a unique stationary
solution for the axisymmetric rotating pulsar magnetosphere in a Minkowski
space-time in the case of no surface currents on the star. The solution is
similar to the force-free quasi-analytic solution of \citet{cont99} and the
numerical magnetohydrodynamic solution of \citet{kom05}. The magnetosphere
structure and the usefulness of the classical y-point in the general
dissipative regime are discussed. The pulsar luminosity is found to be for a dipole moment and
stellar angular frequency .Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS LETTER
Disk-Jet Coupling in Black Hole Accretion Systems I: General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamical Models
General relativistic numerical simulations of magnetized accretion flows
around black holes show a disordered electromagnetic structure in the disk and
corona and a highly relativistic, Poynting-dominated funnel jet in the polar
regions. The polar jet is nearly consistent with the stationary paraboloidal
Blandford-Znajek model of an organized field threading the polar regions of a
rotating black hole. How can a disordered accretion disk and corona lead to an
ordered jet? We show that the polar jet is associated with a strikingly simple
angular-integrated toroidal current distribution ,
where is the toroidal current enclosed inside radius . We
demonstrate that the poloidal magnetic field in the simulated jet agrees well
with the force-free field solution for a non-rotating thin disk with an
toroidal current, suggesting rotation leads to negligible
self-collimation. We find that the polar field is confined/collimated by the
corona. The electromagnetic field in the disk also scales as , which
is consistent with some Newtonian accretion models that assume rough
equipartition between magnetic and gas pressure. However, the agreement is
accidental since toward the black hole the magnetic pressure increases faster
than the gas pressure. This field dominance near the black hole is associated
with magnetic stresses that imply a large effective viscosity parameter
, whereas the typically assumed value of holds
far from the black hole.[abridged]Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures, accepted to MNRA
Contributions of Joseph Hardcastle to accounting theory
Joseph Hardcastle was one of the foremost authorities on subjects connected with the mathematics of finance and other topics in accounting in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As a teacher, author, and leader in the profession, he figured prominently in the elevation of accountancy. Hardcastle is relatively unknown in the literature except for having the distinction of scoring the highest grades on the first CPA exam in New York in 1896. However, he was well respected during his time as one of the premier theorists in accounting and was awarded an honorary degree of Master of Letters by New York University. Because of his prolific writings, his teaching of future accountants, and his interactions with members of the Institute of Accounts, he had a strong impact on the science of accounts, the dominant accounting theory in the U.S. at the turn of the century
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