Impact of stand-off surface on the welfare of late gestation dairy cows in winter

In New Zealand it is increasingly common practice for farmers to remove cows from pasture and crops for periods of the day, as a mitigation strategy to reduce nitrate leaching. There are no rules governing the type of ‘stand-off’ system used, and as a result farmers may select stand-off system based on cost. There is limited evidence from New Zealand regarding how different stand-off pad surfaces may impact on the welfare of dairy cows. An experiment was conducted in Canterbury, New Zealand between June and August 2017 to investigate the effects of different stand-off pad surface types on aspects of dairy cow welfare. One hundred and sixty multiparous, non-lactating, pregnant Friesian x Jersey cows were blocked and assigned to five treatments within a winter system. All treatment groups grazed fodder beet in situ following supplement feeding on a feed pad. The stand-off pad treatments were: no stand-off (control); stand off on a woodchip pad for 16 hr/day (woodchip); Stand-off on a stones for 16 h/day (stones); stand-off on sand for 16 h/day (sand) stand off on geotextile carpet for 16 h/day (carpet). Welfare requirements for lameness and nutrition were met by all surface types, though some surfaces performed better than others with regards body condition score gain. The average hours lying per 24 hrs was greater than 8 hours for all surfaces except sand, however, there were cows in every group that did not achieve 8hrs or more each day. Surface type had an effect on average lying time (P<0.05) and lying bouts (P<0.001), with stones having significantly higher lying hours and fewer lying bouts in 24hrs, than other surfaces. There was also an interaction between time and surface type (P=<0.001); lying hours increased from week one to week four for most surfaces. Surface type had a significant effect on hygiene scores, with the stones group being the cleanest (1.04) and sand being the dirtiest (1.66; P=0.02), and an interaction between time and hygiene score for cows on sand, where cows got dirtier with each week on the pad (P=<0.001). Although all groups gained body condition score during the experiment, final and change in body condition score were significantly different between surface groups (P<0.001 and P<0.005, respectively) and the stones and carpet groups gained significantly more than the other groups. There was no effect of surface on lameness scores or live weight. Taken together, our results indicate that adaptation to a new environment for lying may take several weeks, and that most surface types have both positive and negative effects on cow welfare and need to be managed to minimise those negative effects. While our results indicated an effect of surface type on certain aspects of cow health and welfare during winter, a longer study, covering the whole winter season, would be required to confirm these results

Effects of surface type in an uncovered stand-off pad system on comfort and welfare of non-lactating dairy cows during winter

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of stand-off surface type on cow lying behaviour, cleanliness and lameness. One hundred and sixty Friesian × Jersey crossbreed, pregnant non-lactating dairy cows were blocked into five groups of 32 cows and randomly assigned to one of five treatments. Treatments consisted of cows grazing fodder beet in situ and remaining in the paddock with no stand-off (control), or grazing fodder beet in situ and spending 16 h on a stand-off pad with either a woodchip, round-stones (40–60 mm), sand, or geotextile ‘carpet’ surface. Lying duration, monitored by AfiAct electronic pedometers (Afimilk, Kibbutz Afikim, Israel), showed cows on stone spent significantly more (P < 0.001) time lying (9.5 h) than cows on woodchip (8.4 h), control (8.1 h), and sand (7.6 h), but similar to those on carpet (8.8 h). However, there were fewer (P < 0.001) lying bouts (4.6 bouts/d) and longer (P < 0.001) bout duration (137 min/bout) for cows on stone than other treatments (average 7 bouts/day and 85 min/bout), which may suggest that cows found standing and sitting on the stone surface uncomfortable. As measured by a cleanliness score, cows on the sand surface were less (P < 0.001) clean than cows on other surfaces. Lameness, which was determined by visual scoring, revealed only moderate cases of lameness which tended (P = 0.059) to be more prevalent for cows on stone (11.3%) or sand (12.5%), compared with lowest in woodchip (4.0%) or carpet (4.7%), and intermediate in the control treatment (8.8%). The data indicate that sand and the size of stone used are less suitable surfaces than woodchip or carpet for an uncovered winter stand-off pad to meet minimum requirements of animal comfort and welfare. While both the woodchip and carpet surfaces equally met animal welfare standards, the woodchip required less maintenance