Technology‐supported environments for learning through cognitive conflict

This paper examines ways in which the idea of cognitive conflict is used to facilitate learning, looking at the design and use of learning environments for this purpose. Drawing on previous work in science education and educational computing, three approaches to the design of learning environments utilizing cognitive conflict are introduced. These approaches are described as confrontational, guiding and explanatory, based on the level of the designer's concern with learners’ pre‐existing understanding, the extent of modification to the learner's conceptual structures intended by the designer, and the directness of steering the learner to the desired understanding. The examples used to illustrate the three approaches are taken from science education, specifically software for learning about Newtonian physics; it is contended however that the argument of the paper applies more broadly, to learning environments for many curriculum areas for school levels and in higher education

Revitalizing the WTO: Settling Trade Disputes in a Turbulent Multipolar World

Despite growing consensus on the need to update the trade rules and strengthen the World Trade Organization, there is little agreement on which reforms are necessary. While some place priority on resolving the impasse over appointments to the Appellate Body, other reforms to the dispute settlement mechanism may be more important to respond to the challenges facing judicialized dispute settlement of trade disputes in the WTO. The changing balance of economic power, ageing trade rules and a backlash against globalization make it difficult to achieve legitimate outcomes through win-lose adjudication. Increasing demand, a potential for a chill on ongoing negotiations and an imbalance between the political and adjudicative functions of the WTO exacerbate these challenges. Resolving the impasse over the Appellate Body will not, on its own, resolve the more profound legitimacy crisis facing the trading system. Members should instead focus on pursuing broader improvements to the dispute settlement mechanism to ensure that it remains fit-for-purpose in the service of trade cooperation in a turbulent multipolar world

Gentrification: The Class Conflict over Urban Space Moves into the Courts

Gentrification of inner-cities has resulted in a class conflict over urban space. An issue in the federal courts is whether the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) can build, sponsor, or subsidize low income housing projects within or near revitalized neighborhoods. In Stryker\u27s Bay Neighborhood Council v. Karlen, the United States Supreme Court held that HUD\u27s decision-making process relating to the placement of low income housing is beyond judicial review. This Article reviews recent litigation in Philadelphia, Chicago and Boston in light of Stryker\u27s Bay, and concludes that in order to protect federal efforts to maintain the integrated character of inner-city neighborhoods, HUD must amend its regulations to deal with the reality of gentrification. HUD should define gentrified areas and recognize that such areas are ideal for integrated housing, so that the federal courts do not have to step in, resulting in delay

Gentrification: The Class Conflict over Urban Space Moves into the Courts

Gentrification of inner-cities has resulted in a class conflict over urban space. An issue in the federal courts is whether the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) can build, sponsor, or subsidize low income housing projects within or near revitalized neighborhoods. In Stryker\u27s Bay Neighborhood Council v. Karlen, the United States Supreme Court held that HUD\u27s decision-making process relating to the placement of low income housing is beyond judicial review. This Article reviews recent litigation in Philadelphia, Chicago and Boston in light of Stryker\u27s Bay, and concludes that in order to protect federal efforts to maintain the integrated character of inner-city neighborhoods, HUD must amend its regulations to deal with the reality of gentrification. HUD should define gentrified areas and recognize that such areas are ideal for integrated housing, so that the federal courts do not have to step in, resulting in delay

‘There Must Be More Than This Provincial Life:’ An Analysis of the Construction of Femininity of Princesses in Disney Animated Films

In this thesis, I analyze three eras of princesses in Disney animated films in terms of how gender and femininity are portrayed in each era, and investigate whether each era parallels the goals/issues addressed by the first, second, third, and/or fourth-wave feminism movements. I also investigate how increasing numbers of women in filmmaking roles have changed the ways female characters are portrayed in Disney films. I analyze Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), Cinderella (1950), and Sleeping Beauty (1959) for the first era; The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), and Aladdin (1992) for the second era; and Brave (2012), Frozen (2013), and Moana (2016) for the third era of Disney \u27princess\u27 movies. I analyze the ways in which gender, specifically femininity, is performed and portrayed in each of the princesses as those themes pertain to overdetermined femininity. I apply gender concepts and themes and examine how each theme is presented or not presented in each film. I also analyze how these themes change in each era of the Disney movies by looking at these carefully selected, representative films and investigate whether there is an increase of accepted diversity, in terms of gender, present in these three eras of films --Provided by author