Competition policy review

This is the first comprehensive review of Australia’s competition laws and policy in over 20 years. The National Competition Policy Review (The Hilmer Review) of 1993 underpinned the development of the National Competition Policy – a co-operative initiative of the Commonwealth and State and Territory governments that the Productivity Commission found contributed to a surge in productivity, directly reduced some prices and stimulated business innovation. The subsequent Review of the Competition Provisions of the Trade Practices Act (The Dawson Review) of 2003 examined the operation of the competition laws and resulted in some strengthening of the provisions. There has been considerable change in the Australian economy since the Hilmer Report of the early 1990s and the boost in productivity that underpinned the growth in living standards over the past two decades is waning. The Competition Policy Review will examine the broader competition framework to ensure that it continues to play a role as a significant driver of productivity improvements and to ensure that the current laws are operating as intended and are effective for all businesses, big and small.   MESSAGE FROM THE PANEL This is our Final Report reviewing Australia’s competition policy, laws and institutions. The Panel undertook a stocktake of the competition policy framework across the Australian economy. Although reforms introduced following the Hilmer Review led to significant improvements in economic growth and wellbeing, the Panel believes that renewed policy effort is required to support growth and wellbeing now and into the future. To this end, we have reviewed Australia’s competition policy, laws and institutions to assess their fitness for purpose. Taken together, our recommendations comprise an agenda of reinvigorated microeconomic reform that will require sustained effort from all jurisdictions. We believe this commitment is necessary if Australia is to boost productivity, secure fiscal sustainability and position our economy to meet the challenges and opportunities of a rapidly changing world. Given the forces for change already bearing on the Australian economy, delaying policy action will make reform more difficult and more sharply felt. An early response will make the reform effort more manageable over time, allowing Australians to enjoy higher living standards sooner rather than later. The recommendations and views expressed in this Final Report draw upon the expertise and experience of each member of the Panel. Importantly, we have also had the benefit of hearing from a wide cross-section of the Australian community and from participants in all sectors of the economy

OCL Plus:Processes and Events in Object-Centred Planning

An important area in AI Planning is the expressiveness of planning domain specification languages such as PDDL, and their aptitude for modelling real applications. This paper presents OCLplus, an extension of a hierarchical object centred planning domain definition language, intended to support the representation of domains with continuous change. The main extension in OCLplus provides the capability of interconnection between the planners and the changes that are caused by other objects of the world. To this extent, the concept of event and process are introduced in the Hierarchical Task Network (HTN), object centred planning framework in which a process is responsible for either continuous or discrete changes, and an event is triggered if its precondition is met. We evaluate the use of OCLplus and compare it with a similar language, PDDL+

Development of an autonomous sensing platform for detection of nutrients in natural waters

Nutrients such as Phosphate, Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate are central in any environmental processes, including several microbial, plant and animal metabolic processes. The nutrient platform is based on a combination of microfluidic analytical systems, colorimetric reagent chemistries, low cost LED based optical detection and wireless communications. Each component was developed, assessed and optimised to evaluate the suitability before being integrated to form a working pre-competitive prototyp

Recent Developments in the Use of Flow Hydrogenation in the Field of Medicinal Chemistry

This chapter focuses on recent applications of flow hydrogenation in medicinal chemistry. Flow reactors can enhance laboratory safety, reducing the risks associated with pyrophoric catalysts, due to their containment in catalyst cartridges or omnifit columns. Flow hydrogenation reduces the risks arising from hydrogen gas, with either hydrogen generated in situ from water, or precise management of the gas flow rate through tube-in-tube reactors. There is an increasing body of evidence that flow hydrogenation enhances reduction outcomes across nitro, imine, nitrile, amide, azide, and azo reductions, together with de-aromatisation and hydrodehalogenation. In addition, olefin, alkyne, carbonyl, and benzyl reductions have been widely examined. Further, protocols involving multistage flow reactions involving hydrogenation are highlighted

Precise Flow-Control Using Photo-Actuated Hydrogel Valves and Pid-controlled LED Actuation

Herein we demonstrate remarkable control of flow within fluidic channels using photo-actuated hydrogel valves. By polymerizing the valves in situ it has been possible to create highlyreproducible valves. Through the use of an LED platform and a PID algorithm we have generated extremely accurate flow control and created prototype devices to document their potential application within the microfluidics field

Precision control of flow rate in microfluidic channels using photoresponsive soft polymer actuators

A novel approach that allows control of flow in microfluidic channels with unsurpassed performance using light is described. Valve structures have been created using photoresponsive hydrogels based on spiropyran-functionalised pNIPAAm hydrogels photopolymerised around pillar structures within the channels. Valve actuation is controlled from outside the fluidic system using externally located LEDs. Highly precise and accurate flow rates can be selected by passing real-time flow rate measurements into a PID algorithm. The optimised algorithm also minimises overshoot of the selected flow rate, eliminates flow rate drift, and improves the system response time. In addition to the dramatic improvements in flow rate control, the set up enables the polymer actuation behaviour to be rapidly characterised. The power supply to the LED also provides a useful system diagnostic for monitoring the performance of the valve over time. For example, degradation in the valve actuation due to photodegradation will manifest as an increasing power requirement over time, enabling predictive failure thresholds to be established for particular actuator designs and polymer compositions

Aqueous outflow imaging techniques and what they tell us about intraocular pressure regulation.

Recent advances in the medical and surgical management of open-angle glaucoma have increased the number of treatment options available. Several new intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering treatments target the conventional aqueous outflow (AO) system. However, success rates are variable and outcomes in individual patients are often difficult to predict. Variable treatment responses remain unexplained and highlight deficiencies in our current understanding of AO regulation and IOP homeostasis. Imaging is often relied upon to confirm diagnoses and monitor treatment responses in other ocular and systemic pathologies. As yet no suitable AO imaging tool has been developed to fulfil this role in glaucoma. A variety of imaging techniques have been used to study the AO tracts of humans and animals in ex vivo and in vivo eyes. In this review, results from novel imaging techniques that assess aqueous drainage through the episcleral venous system are considered and we argue these provide new insights into AO regulation. We suggest that the ability to objectively measure AO responses to interventions would be a significant clinical advance, and we have demonstrated that this can be achieved with direct visualisation of aqueous drainage. We predict that the evolution of AO imaging technology will continue to reveal critical components of AO and IOP regulation, and that personalised IOP-lowering treatment in glaucoma care may well become a reality in the near future.1. A core support grant from the Wellcome Trust and MRC to the Wellcome Trust – Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute 2. Haemoglobin Video Imaging facilities funded by Sydney Eye Hospital Foundation, Carl Zeiss Meditec, and Glaukos Corporatio

Investigation of potential land value tax policy - options for Scotland

The University of Reading has been appointed by the Scottish Land Commission (SLC) to conduct research to assess, with reference to international experience, the potential of land value taxation to contribute to a more productive, accountable and diverse pattern of land ownership and use in Scotland and to identify a set of potential policy options that merit further consideration by the SLC. The current research is part of a broader agenda to reform the system of land ownership and the functioning of the land market in Scotland, and to reshape the role of the public sector in taking a more proactive stance in delivering development in the public interest. Adjustments in the mechanisms for land and property taxation will be an essential piece of the puzzle in delivering this vision

InterPack2003 -35136 WIRE FLEXURE FATIGUE MODEL FOR ASYMMETRIC BOND HEIGHT

ABSTRACT This traditional qualification test procedure has several shortcomings. First, the selection of the temperature cycle magnitude and duration is often arbitrary, and the results of the testing are not properly correlated to field life. Second, the procedure is costly and time consuming and is therefore undesirable in today's product development environment of shortened design cycles and quick time-to-market. It is no longer considered best practice to make a prototype, subject it to a series of standardized tests, analyze the failures, fix the design, and test again. A fundamental model that can be used before testing to assess the susceptibility of module designs to wire flexural fatigue is therefore extremely desirable both to minimize testing and to aid in the proper interpretation of the test results. The use of such models to qualify assemblies for field use is known as virtual qualification. This paper presents such a model that can be used to assess the likelihood of wire failure due to cumulative damage resulting from repeated flexure during thermal cycling. This paper presents the first physics-of-failure based life prediction model for flexural failure of wires ultrasonically wedge bonded to pads at different heights. The life prediction model consists of a load transformation model and a damage model. The load transformation model determines the cyclic strain at the heel of the wire during temperature cycling. This cyclic strain is created by a change in wire curvature at the heel of the wire resulting from expansion of the wire and displacement of the frame. The damage model calculates the life based on the strain cycle magnitude and the elastic-plastic fatigue response of the wire. The model supports virtual qualification of power modules where wire flexural fatigue is a dominant failure mechanism. The model has been validated using temperature cycling test results, and can be used to derive design guidelines and establish a relation between accelerated test results and field life

Self-Powered Microfluidic Device for Rapid Assay of Antiplatelet Drugs

We report the development of a microfluidic device for the rapid assay in whole blood of platelet-protein interactions indicative of the efficacy of antiplatelet drugs—e.g., aspirin and Plavix, two of the world’s most widely used drugs—in cardiovascular patients. Because platelet adhesion to surface-confined protein matrices is modulated by fluid shear rates at the blood/protein interface, and because such binding is a better indicator of platelet function than platelet self-aggregation, we designed, fabricated, and characterized the performance of a family of disposable, self-powered microfluidic chips with well-defined flow and interfacial shear rates suitable for small blood volumes (≤ 200 µL). We report a simple technique to fabricate single-use self-powered chips incorporating shear control, “SpearChips”. These parallel-plate flow devices integrate on-chip vacuum-driven blood flow, using a pre-degassed elastomer component to obviate active pumping, with microcontact-printed arrays of 6-µm-diameter fluorescently-labeled fibrinogen dots on a poly(cycloolefin) base plate as a means to quantitatively count platelet-protein binding events. The use of SpearChips to assess in whole blood samples the effects of GPIIb/IIIa and P2Y12 inhibitors—two important classes of “antiplatelet” drugs—is reported