3,638 research outputs found
A Treatise on Left Abomasal Displacement in Dairy Cattle
The modern dairy cow has become a refined biological machine. Hers is a background of production-oriented breeding and management practices that seek to maximize lactation capabilities. Such emphasis on these capabilities is not without consequence, however, and the dairy cow has acquired maladies that are uncommon in other members of the bovine species. This paper will review a problem that is more or less unique to dairy cows
Differential Cav2.1 and Cav2.3 channel inhibition by baclofen and α-conotoxin Vc1.1 via GABAB receptor activation
Neuronal Ca(v)2.1 (P/Q-type), Ca(v)2.2 (N-type), and Ca(v)2.3 (R-type) calcium channels contribute to synaptic transmission and are modulated through G protein-coupled receptor pathways. The analgesic. alpha-conotoxin Vc1.1 acts through. gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABA(B)) receptors (GABA(B)Rs) to inhibit Cav2.2 channels. We investigated GABA(B)R-mediated modulation by Vc1.1, a cyclized form of Vc1.1 (c-Vc1.1), and the GABA(B)R agonist baclofen of human Cav2.1 or Cav2.3 channels heterologously expressed in human embryonic kidney cells. 50 mu M baclofen inhibited Cav2.1 and Cav2.3 channel Ba2+ currents by. similar to 40%, whereas c-Vc1.1 did not affect Cav2.1 but potently inhibited Cav2.3, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of. 300 pM. Depolarizing paired pulses revealed that. similar to 75% of the baclofen inhibition of Cav2.1 was voltage dependent and could be relieved by strong depolarization. In contrast, baclofen or Vc1.1 inhibition of Cav2.3 channels was solely mediated through voltage-independent pathways that could be disrupted by pertussis toxin, guanosine 5' -[beta-thio] diphosphate trilithium salt, or the GABABR antagonist CGP55845. Overexpression of the kinase c-Src significantly increased inhibition of Cav2.3 by c-Vc1.1. Conversely, coexpression of a catalytically inactive double mutant form of c-Src or pretreatment with a phosphorylated pp60c-Src peptide abolished the effect of c-Vc1.1. Site-directed mutational analyses of Cav2.3 demonstrated that tyrosines 1761 and 1765 within exon 37 are critical for inhibition of Cav2.3 by c-Vc1.1 and are involved in baclofen inhibition of these channels. Remarkably, point mutations introducing specific c-Src phosphorylation sites into human Cav2.1 channels conferred c-Vc1.1 sensitivity. Our findings show that Vc1.1 inhibition of Cav2.3, which defines Cav2.3 channels as potential targets for analgesic. alpha-conotoxins, is caused by specific c-Src phosphorylation sites in the C terminus
Ketamine inhibits synaptic transmission and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated responses in rat intracardiac ganglia <i>in situ</i>
The intravenous anaesthetic ketamine, has been demonstrated to inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated currents in dissociated rat intracardiac ganglion (ICG) neurons (Weber et al., 2005). This effect would be predicted to depress synaptic transmission in the ICG and would account for the inhibitory action of ketamine on vagal transmission to the heart (Inoue and König, 1988). This investigation was designed to examine the activity of ketamine on (i) postsynaptic responses to vagal nerve stimulation, (ii) the membrane potential, and (iii) membrane current responses evoked by exogenous application of ACh and nicotine in ICG neurons in situ. Intracellular recordings were made using sharp intracellular microelectrodes in a whole mount ICG preparation. Preganglionic nerve stimulation and recordings in current- and voltage-clamp modes were used to assess the action of ketamine on ganglionic transmission and nAChR-mediated responses. Ketamine attenuated the postsynaptic responses evoked by nerve stimulation. This reduction was significant at clinically relevant concentrations at high frequencies. The excitatory membrane potential and current responses to focal application of ACh and nicotine were inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by ketamine. In contrast, ketamine had no effect on either the directly-evoked action potential or excitatory responses evoked by focal application of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Taken together, ketamine inhibits synaptic transmission and nicotine- and ACh-evoked currents in adult rat ICG. Ketamine inhibition of synaptic transmission and nAChR-mediated responses in the ICG contributes significantly to its attenuation of the bradycardia observed in response to vagal stimulation in the mammalian heart
TULIP: a randomised controlled trial of surgical versus non-surgical treatment of lateral compression injuries of the pelvis with complete sacral fractures (LC1) in the non-fragility fracture patient-a feasibility study protocol
Introduction Lateral compression type 1 (LC1) pelvic fractures are the most common type of pelvic fracture. The majority of LC1 fractures are considered stable. Fractures where a complete sacral fracture is present increases the degree of potential instability and have the potential to displace over time. Non-operative management of these unstable fractures may involve restricted weight bearing and significant rehabilitation. Frequent monitoring with X-rays is also necessary for displacement of the fracture. Operative stabilisation of these fractures may be appropriate to prevent displacement of the fracture. This may allow patients to mobilise pain-free, quicker.
Methods and analysis The study is a feasibility study to inform the design of a full definitive randomised controlled trial to guide the most appropriate management of these injuries. Participants will be recruited from major trauma centres and randomly allocated to either operative or non-operative management of their injuries. A variety of outcome instruments, measuring health-related quality of life, functional outcome and pain, will be completed at several time points up to 12âmonths post injury. Qualitative interviews will be undertaken with participants to explore their views of the treatments under investigation and trial processes.
Eligibility and recruitment to the study will be analysed to inform the feasibility of a definitive trial. Completion rates of the measurement instruments will be assessed, as well as their sensitivity to change and the presence of floor or ceiling effects in this population, to inform the choice of the primary outcome for a definitive trial.
Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval for the study was given by the South WestâCentral Bristol NHS Research Ethics Committee on 2nd July 2018 (Ref; 18/SW/0135). The study will be reported in relevant specialist journals and through presentation at specialist conferences.
Trial registration number ISRCTN1064995
HST Fine Guidance Sensor Astrometric Parallaxes for Three Dwarf Novae: SS Aurigae, SS Cygni, and U Geminorum
We report astrometric parallaxes for three well known dwarf novae obtained
using the Fine Guidance Sensors on the Hubble Space Telescope. We found a
parallax for SS Aurigae of Pi = 5.00 +/- 0.64 mas, for SS Cygni we found Pi =
6.02 +/- 0.46 mas, and for U Geminorum we obtained Pi = 10.37 +/- 0.50 mas.
These represent the first true trigonometric parallaxes of any dwarf novae. We
briefly compare these results with previous distance estimates. This program
demonstrates that with a very modest amount of HST observing time, the Fine
Guidance Sensors can deliver parallaxes of unrivaled precision.Comment: 15 pages, 2 Table
On A Superfield Extension of The ADHM Construction and N=1 Super Instantons
We give a superfield extension of the ADHM construction for the Euclidean
theory obtained by Wick rotation from the Lorentzian four dimensional N=1 super
Yang-Mills theory. In particular, we investigate the procedure to guarantee the
Wess-Zumino gauge for the superfields obtained by the extended ADHM
construction, and show that the known super instanton configurations are
correctly obtained.Comment: 22 pages, LaTeX, v2: typos corrected, references adde
Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy: LOWESS Version 3: Best Fit to the Marine SrâIsotope Curve for 0â509 Ma and Accompanying Lookâup Table for Deriving Numerical Age
Interferometric Astrometry of Proxima Centauri and Barnard's Star Using Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor 3: Detection Limits for sub-Stellar Companions
We report on a sub-stellar companion search utilizing interferometric
fringe-tracking astrometry acquired with Fine Guidance Sensor 3 (FGS 3) on the
Hubble Space Telescope. Our targets were Proxima Centauri and Barnard's Star.
We obtain absolute parallax values for Proxima Cen pi_{abs} = 0.7687 arcsecond
and for Barnard's Star pi_{abs} = 0.5454 arcsecond.
Once low-amplitude instrumental systematic errors are identified and removed,
our companion detection sensitivity is less than or equal to one Jupiter mass
for periods longer than 60 days for Proxima Cen. Between the astrometry and the
radial velocity results we exclude all companions with M > 0.8M_{Jup} for the
range of periods 1 < P < 1000 days. For Barnard's Star our companion detection
sensitivity is less than or equal to one Jupiter mass for periods long er than
150 days. Our null results for Barnard's Star are consistent with those of
Gatewood (1995).Comment: 35 pages, 13 figures, to appear in August 1999 A
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