Defensive responses of cuttlefish to different teleost predators

Author Posting. © Marine Biological Laboratory, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of Marine Biological Laboratory for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Biological Bulletin 225 (2013): 161-174.We evaluated cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) responses to three teleost predators: bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), and black seabass (Centropristis striata). We hypothesized that the distinct body shapes, swimming behaviors, and predation tactics exhibited by the three fishes would elicit markedly different antipredator responses by cuttlefish. Over the course of 25 predator-prey behavioral trials, 3 primary and 15 secondary defense behaviors of cuttlefish were shown to predators. In contrast, secondary defenses were not shown during control trials in which predators were absent. With seabass—a benthic, sit-and-pursue predator—cuttlefish used flight and spent more time swimming in the water column than with other predators. With bluefish—an active, pelagic searching predator—cuttlefish remained closely associated with the substrate and relied more on cryptic behaviors. Startle (deimatic) displays were the most frequent secondary defense shown to seabass and bluefish, particularly the Dark eye ring and Deimatic spot displays. We were unable to evaluate secondary defenses by cuttlefish to flounder—a lie-and-wait predator—because flounder did not pursue cuttlefish or make attacks. Nonetheless, cuttlefish used primary defense during flounder trials, alternating between cryptic still and moving behaviors. Overall, our results suggest that cuttlefish may vary their behavior in the presence of different teleost predators: cryptic behaviors may be more important in the presence of active searching predators (e.g., bluefish), while conspicuous movements such as swimming in the water column and startle displays may be more prevalent with relatively sedentary, bottom-associated predators (e.g., seabass).This project was funded by a United States Department of Defense, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Defense Sciences Office (DARPA DSO) Grant (HR0011-09- 1-0017)

Covington, GA

Prepared by the Spring 2015 Preservation Planning Class. These Design Guidelines were created to guide property owners and the Historic Preservation Commission during the review process. The Guidelines ensure the continued historic integrity of properties within the district. The Covington Historic District and the North Covington Historic District are outlined within this document.https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_heritagepreservation/1012/thumbnail.jp

Central of Georgia Depot

This interpretive plan gives a brief and condensed history of the central of Georgia Depot. Alongside a history of the depot, this resource provides potential interpretive themes for the historic site to pursue in future programs. The resource also contains reproductions of many historic photographs, as well as survey information regarding the depot\u27s events and programming.https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_heritagepreservation/1017/thumbnail.jp

Northcrest Historic District

Prepared by the Spring 2016 Case Studies in Historic Preservation graduate students. Located in Doraville, Dekalb County, Georgia. Northcrest includes a significant collection of mid-century modern architectural examples. This area includes a variety of historic sites, such as a battlefield, ruins, a cemetery, archaeological sites, and landscape features. This Historic District Information Form (HDIF) can be submitted as an application for the official National Register Nomination.https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_heritagepreservation/1051/thumbnail.jp