Distribution of renewable energy through the energy internet : a routing algorithm for energy routers

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advances on Clean Energy Research, ICACER 2022, April 20–22, 2022, Barcelona, Spain.DATA AVAILABILITY : Data will be made available on request.Fossil fuels are rapidly running out, and with the demand for environmentally friendly energy sources increasing, power grids are looking for distributed power generation-based renewable resources. The distribution of these energy sources is significantly linked to the development of smart microgrids, which are also extensively connected with the energy internet. This paper explores the energy internet operation, focusing on developing a routing algorithm for an energy router. The energy routing algorithm is further substantiated with the aid of simulations. This algorithm can find all the paths available for energy transmission between two nodes and selects the track with the most negligible losses as the path for transmission. All the possible routes are displayed along with the losses associated with each direction to ensure that the approach with the lowest losses is taken. The algorithm is also tested for 24 h at an hourly interval to observe the change in power transmitted on the system.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/egyrhj2023Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin

An adaptive method of symmetrical component estimation

This paper proposes a novel approach of estimating the symmetrical component into a network. The power grid development and deployment offer several advantages regarding the overall system performance of the electrical system. Currently, through the smart metering system, the symmetrical components problems can be resolved in real-time by extracting, tracking and detecting any issue related to power disturbance on the grid. An adaptive method to estimate symmetrical components in the framework of the power systems is presented. The proposed method is based on a nonlinear adaptive tracking of amplitude, phase and frequency of a non-stationary sinusoidal waveform in real-time. The method offers structural simplicity while maintaining performance robustness and controllable speed and accuracy. Experimental results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed method. The results show that the method can provide an accurate estimation of the symmetrical components in the presence of amplitude and angle variations, as well as in the presence of harmonics. The simplicity of the structure and ease of the parameter settings render the proposed method suitable for both software and hardware implementation. Two scenarios are analysed to validate the proposed algorithm.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/epsr2019-05-01hj2019Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin

An optimal energy management system for a commercial building with renewable energy generation under real-time electricity prices

This paper presents an approach to the energy management and control of the effective cost of energy in real-time electricity pricing environment. The strategy aims to optimise the overall energy flow in the electrical system that minimises the cost of power consumption from the grid. To substantiate these claims different cases of time-of-use (TOU) and renewable energy electricity tariff, i.e. in summer and winter seasons, and the robustness of system is analysed. A given energy demand for commercial usage in the city of Tshwane (South Africa) is used to investigate the behaviour of the designed method during low and high demand periods. As grid integrated renewable energy resources, photovoltaic (PV) is an important consideration in assuring excellent power supply and environmental issues in the commercial building. An adaptive optimal approach in the framework of model predictive control (MPC) is designed to coordinate the energy flow on the electrical system. The results show that the proposed adaptive MPC strategy can promote the new approach of an optimal electrical system design, which reduces the energy cost to pay the utility grid by about 46% or more depending on the set target.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/scs2019-08-01hj2018Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin

Critical analysis of the electricity market in developing country municipality

DATA AVAILABILITY : Data will be made available on request.Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advances on Clean Energy Research, ICACER 2022, April 20–22, 2022, Barcelona, Spain.Developing countries are experiencing significant urban and population growth. This amplifies the crisis of governance of essential public services. This study analyses the electricity market in Lubumbashi, one of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) municipalities. Surveys at different scales are conducted, assessing both access to electricity and the role of actors. 5270 households, 41 policymakers and 100 employees at different scales are interviewed. It has been found that the electricity market is deteriorated by illegal connections to the electricity grid, uncontrolled urban growth, corruption, and poverty. Besides, the quality and cost of electricity decrease with distance from the city centre. Therefore, privatization of the electricity sector would lead to low-cost electricity and high-quality service.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/egyrhj2023Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin

Control and estimation techniques applied to smart microgrids : a review

DATA AVAILABILITY : No data was used for the research described in the article.The performance of microgrid operation requires hierarchical control and estimation schemes that coordinate and monitor the system dynamics within the expected manipulated and control variables. Smart grid technologies possess innovative tools and frameworks to model the dynamic behaviour of microgrids regardless of their types, structures, etc. Various control and estimation technologies are reviewed for developing dynamic models of smart microgrids. The hierarchical system of a microgrid control consists of three architectural layers, primary, secondary and tertiary, which need to be supported by real-time monitoring and measurement environment of the system variables and parameters. Various control and estimation schemes have been devised to handle the dynamic performance of microgrids in the function of control layers requirement. Firstly, control schemes in the innovative grid environment are evaluated to understand the dynamics of the developed technologies. Six control technologies, linear, non-linear, robust, predictive, intelligent and adaptive, are mainly used to model the control design within the layer(s) regardless of the types of microgrids. Secondly, the estimation technologies are evaluated based on the state of variables, locations and modelling of microgrids that can efficiently support the performance of the controllers and operating microgrids. Finally, a future vision for designing hierarchical and architectural control techniques for the optimal operation of intelligent microgrids is also provided. Therefore, this study will serve as a fundamental conceptual framework to select a perfect optimal design modelling strategy and policy-making decisions to control, monitor and protect the innovative electrical network.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/rserhj2023Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin

Smart energy coordination of a hybrid wind/ PV with battery storage connected to grid

This study presents a smart power strategy coordination for optimal electricity supply. It aims to coordinate the energy flow on the electrical system for a residential application in the southern area of the African continent, in conjunction with an intelligent demand management control strategy. It has been observed that there is a potential for renewable energy resources that can enhance the energy and development of the African continent if used efficiently. In addition, the continent is suffering from several energy crises, which could be resolved by appropriate energy control approaches. It has been observed that incorporating an autonomous smart strategy that can coordinate a hybrid energy supply for a residential energy demand could improve the power grid performance of the Southern African region. In this paper, a smart strategy that develops a dynamic real-time energy structure control is proposed. This approach uses the ability of smart metering to create a flexible communication control strategy (FCCS), which will manage the demand and the supply of energy. It ensures the consumer's optimal power supply while ensuring stability and good performance on the utility side.The 7th International Conference on Renewable Power Generation (RPG 2018)https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/joehj2020Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin

Optimal single phase smart meter design

This study presents a new generation of smart meter that can optimally manage the energy demand. This device optimises the consumer’s overall energy cost in a real-time environment by giving the customer an opportunity to set a minimal electricity tariff. It consists of giving both utility and consumers of the electricity an opportunity to manage the supply and demand of the energy. From the supply point of view, this is based on the conceptual framework of the standard advanced metering infrastructure. While on the consumer side, an additional optimal design strategy is added into the device that can communicate with all electrical systems by automatically switching on and off some specified loads. This application is developed based on the scheme of configuring into the smart meter two principal supply setting systems which contain some non-optimal and optimal supply nodes. As a compact optimal smart meter system, it will ensure appropriate control and reduce the cost of electricity. Moreover, it can encourage the use of renewable energy resources and resolve several issues of power system integration.http://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/joeam2018Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin

Overview of the optimal smart energy coordination for microgrid applications

This paper describes an overview of the optimal energy coordination/management approaches for microgrids. The article presents the smart grid environment in conjunction with their technologies into the applications of a microgrid when the energy coordination aims to create power ow stability between the generation and consumption of the electricity. This energy equilibrium is made regardless of a power grid complexity that can contain diverse load demands and distributed energy resources (DERs), including renewable energy system (RES), energy storage system (ESS), electric vehicle (EV), etc. A microgrid often contains an energy mix system that requires three control levels, namely primary, secondary and tertiary, to optimize the energy cost and behavior of the system operation and exploitation. Based on several DERs, a microgrid can operate in island mode or be connected to the main grid. The energy coordination for both features is to deal with the energy resources uncertainty, the climate impact, to reduce atmospheric pollution deriving from the conventional power grid, and the energy demand growth. Through the smart grid technology, the optimization approaches of this coordination have brought several improvements into the electrical system. Thus, an overview of an intelligent energy management system for microgrid applications is intensively detailed to structure the implementation strategies which aim to coordinate the energy flow of an electrical system optimally.This work was supported in part by the Southern African Systems Analysis Center (SASAC), in part by the South Africa National Research Foundation (NRF), in part by the Newton Fund | British Council, and in part by the University of Pretoria; the rst author thanks them for their sponsorships.The Southern African Systems Analysis Center (SASAC), the South Africa National Research Foundation (NRF), the Newton Fund | British Council, and the University of Pretoria.http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=6287639Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin

An overview of renewable energy resources and grid integration for commercial building applications

This paper presents an overview of the integration of renewable energy resources in the urban sector. The article also describes the current global energy demand and growth challenges that the world is currently facing. The literature survey on the global energy scenario and renewable energy integration, which mainly involves solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage systems (BESS), is presented. The paper also addresses the different contexts of using renewable energy resources (RERs) and grid-connected applications. It develops the concept of PV energy storage integration in commercial building applications. Since the common RERs such as wind and solar vary according to seasonal and geographic locations, an outline of the energy storage system that provides a platform for optimal use of RERs is also presented. This structure refers to their ability and dynamic structure that can combine with the renewable power generation to maximise the use of RERs and to ensure the total energy supply to the load. It was observed that the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) which are connected to the grid is beneficial when the PV and energy storage system (ESS) are smartly mixed with the utility grid. The primary purpose of this energy mix is to assist in improving the dynamic performance of any electrical network operating in a commercial building setup. Thus, this research work analyses the possibility of designing dynamic behaviour for energy management for commercial building applications in South Africa.https://www.elsevier.com/locate/est2021-06-01hj2020Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin

Optimal frequency deviations control in microgrid interconnected systems

The increase in the price of fossil fuel due to its rarity and emissions means more integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) is required to improve economic management of the grid. This study analyses a combination of the tie-line power between conventional power sources and the renewable energy system and its frequency deviations which are known as area control error. The minimisation of the tie-line by optimal control is affected in such a way that the frequency and tie-line power error can be minimised while maintaining the power balance between generation and load. The tie-line connected to the microgrid consists of two main parts, namely the conventional source and the renewable energy source, each made up of a synchronous generator. The control application of the active power and frequency to a network is referred to as load frequency control (LFC) with the storage system as an integral part of RES. The simulation results show the performance of the proposed optimal control model in microgrid during the changing loads' condition, where the energy storage system applied to optimal control has shown a quick response to frequency deviation, which is close to 80%.http://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/iet-rpghj2019Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin