Generated and shifted of Ion beams By Electrostatic Lenses (Einzel lens)

In this paper, the path of the extracted and focused ions by the electrostatic lense having three electrodes of the same size and shape have been studied. However, the first and third electrodes had a different potential from the second electrode and the distance between any three electrodes was (d).The beams of the charged particles were controlled by using electrostatic fields which are used for accelerating and focusing. This paper focuses also on the effect of electrodes potentials on ion beam focusing. It is found that the best focusing was achieved when the values of the potential of the first and third electrode are equal to half of the value of the second electrode. Concerning transmiting and acumulating the ions beams, the study shows that these beams stayed fixed and steady when their paths were doubled, without any change in extracted beam density. This method is called Plasma Portation

Room Temperature Conductance of Graphene Sheet as a Function of Some Variables Using LAD/SZ Method

Current study deals with the room temperature conductance of Graphene Sheets as a function of their binding energy and lengths. The structural properties of each sheet were calculated after the relax of the structures by performing the SIESTA-trunk-462 program. The results showed that the electric conductivity is inversely proportional to the theoretical separation of the gold electrode. The increase of the angle C-C-Au effects on the electric properties of the Graphene Sheet, the Sheet is became much conductive and effectient electrically at large angles. This may refers to that the electron transmission coefficient of the Graphene Sheet depends on the type of the contact of the top gold atoms of the pyramids with the anchor atoms in the Sheet

A Comparative Study on the Electrical Characteristics of Generating Plasma by Using Different Target Sources

In this research, the electrical characteristics of glow discharge plasma were studied. Glow discharge plasma generated in a home-made DC magnetron sputtering system, and a DC-power supply of high voltage as input to the discharge electrodes were both utilized. The distance between two electrodes is 4cm. The gas used to produce plasma is argon gas which flows inside the chamber at a rate of 40 sccm. The influence of work function for different target materials (gold, copper, and silver), - 5cm in diameter and around 1mm thickness - different working pressures, and different applied voltages on electrical characteristics (discharge current, discharge potential, and Paschen’s curve) were studied. The results showed that the discharge current and potential increase by increasing the applied voltage ranging between 300-700 V. Discharge current increased as working pressure increased in the beginning, and then semi-stabilized (slight increase) starting from 1×100 mbar, while discharge potential decreased at the beginning as working pressure increased and then semi-stabilized at the same point at which discharge current stabilized. The Paschen’s curves were compared with each other. It was concluded that the lower breakdown voltage was associated with lower work function of the (Au, Cu, and Ag) cathode material. Breakdown voltages were (395, 398, and 420) for Ag, Cu and Au respectively

Motivating and De-Motivating Factors towards Marketing of Rice for the Rice Marketing Channel Members in Pakistan

From the production of rice at the rice fields to the final consumers, the rice moves from different marketing channels. This study aims to identify those factors which motivate and de-motivate the rice marketing channels members towards rice marketing. For this study the data were collected from 120 rice farmers, 45 rice commission agents, 45 rice millers and 45 rice traders from three districts of Punjab province in Pakistan. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from the respondents. OLS regression was applied using SPSS. The results of the study revealed different motivating and de-motivating factors for different marketing channel members. For the rice growing farmers, the motivating factors towards rice marketing were found to be cash payment at the spot, selling paddy at the farm gate, high demand due to exportable item, better results as compare to other crops and rice as the status symbol crop. The significant de-motivating factors for rice growers were found to be difficulties due to transportation issues, shortage of water for rice cultivation and low yield per acre. The significant motivating factors for commission agents were found to be less risk because of the working on rice mills payroll, profitable business despite the lack of education and financing by the rice millers. The significant de-motivating factors for commission agents were found to be issues in storage facilities, rising transportation cost and delay in payments by the rice millers. The significant motivating factors for rice millers were found to be growing demand of branded rice and satisfactory profit margins while significant de-motivating factors were found to be seasonal nature of business, high fixed cost, increasing cost due to alternative power usage and labor cost and mixing of different verities. The significant motivating factors for rice traders were found to be whole year running business, good profit margin and growing demand of branded rice while high taxes and increasing transportation cost were found to be significant de-motivating factors for rice traders. Keywords: Rice, Marketing, Marketing channels, motivating factors, De-motivating factor

Influence of Cold Plasma on Sesame Paste and the Nano Sesame Paste Based on Co-occurrence Matrix

يهدف البحث الى معرفة تأثير البلازما الباردة على البكتيريا المزروعة على راشي السمسم في جسيماته الطبيعية وحجم جسيمات النانو. بدءًا من استخدام عملية تجزئة الصور اعتمادًا على طريقة العتبة، يتم استخدامها للتخلص من انعكاس الشرائح الزجاجية التي توضع عليها عينات السمسم. تم تنفيذ عملية التصنيف لفصل راشي السمسم الطبيعي عن غير الطبيعي. الراشي غير الطبيعي يظهرعندما نمت البكتيريا على راشي السمسم بعد تركه  لمدة يومين في الهواء، ان عملية التصنيف الموجه  معدل k-  استخدمت  لتصنيف المنطقة المصابة والمنطقة الطبيعية والمنطقة المعالجة. والبكتريا المعالجة بالبلازما الباردة، مدة التعرض دقيقتان. تم حساب الميزات التركيبية المتعلقة بمصفوفة التدرج اللوني ذات المستوى الرمادي للنسيج الطبيعي وغير الطبيعي والمعالج، ومن الواضح أن مجموعة  النسيج المعالج لها أفضل الميزات مقارنة باالمجاميع  الأخرى. أظهرت النتيجة أن راشي السمسم المعالج بالبلازما له نتائج جيدة مقارنة مع راشي السمسم النانوي  المعالج بالبلازما. وذلك لأن البلازما تزود راشي السمسم بالحرارة وتجعل جزيئات السمسم النانوية تتجمع معًا.The aim of the research is to investigate the effect of cold plasma on the bacteria grown on texture of sesame paste in its normal particle and nano particle size. Starting by using the image segmentation process depending on the threshold method, it is used to get rid of the reflection of the glass slides on which the sesame samples are placed.  The classification process implemented to separate the sesame paste texture from normal and abnormal texture. The abnormal texture appears when the bacteria has been grown on the sesame paste after being left for two days in the air, unsupervised k-mean classification process used to classify the infected region, the normal region and the treated region. The bacteria treated with cold plasma, the time exposure is two minutes. The textural features related to gray level co-occurrence matrix are calculated for the normal, abnormal and the treated texture, it is obvious that the treated texture class has the best features compared with the other classes. The result shows the sesame paste treated with plasma has good result compared with nano sesame paste treated with plasma.  This is because the plasma provides the sesame paste with heat and makes the sesame nano particle congregate together

Domestic Rice Marketing Structure and Marketing Margins in Pakistan

Agriculture plays a key role in the economic development of Pakistan. Its contribution to GDP in Pakistan accounts 25% and it is a major source of raw material for different industries in Pakistan. Punjab is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and is a major producer of agricultural commodities. Rice is one of the most important agricultural commodities in Pakistan. The Punjab province produces 56% of the total rice in Pakistan as well as this province is solely producer of basmati rice variety which is a type of fragrant rice and is very famous for its aroma. For the development of agricultural sector, the importance of agricultural marketing cannot be ignored. In developing countries like Pakistan where the population is growing rapidly, an efficient internal agricultural marketing system for agricultural commodities can be very useful for not only to meet the domestic food needs but also for the development of rural economy. The aim of this study was to analyze the current status, structure and operations of rice marketing in Pakistan as well as to explore the marketing margins of different marketing intermediaries and to identify the respective marketing problems faced by those marketing intermediaries. Three districts famous for rice production were purposely selected for this study and a sample of 120 small, 45 medium and 45 large farmers was obtained from the study area. Along with the rice growing farmers, 45 commission agents, 45 rice millers, 45 rice traders, 45 whole sellers and 45 retailers in the study area were also contacted for the purpose of data collection. Three majorly grown rice varieties of basmati and non basmati rice were found being cultivated in the study area. The results revealed that majority of the rice producers were involved in selling their produce (paddy) to commission agents at their farm gate. The absolute cash margins for different marketing channel members were estimated and it was found that the rice producer was earning the maximum share for both varieties in the marketing chain i.e. 62.57% and 47.71% respectively for basmati and non basmati rice varieties. Along with the absolute cash margins, the net marketing margins were also calculated by deducting the marketing cost of respective marketing chain members. The overall domestic rice marketing structure was found to be efficient yet there is need for further improvement in order to enhance the rice production and exports from Pakistan. Keywords: Agricultural marketing, Rice, Rice marketing, marketing margins, Rice marketing problems

Economic Analysis of Agriculture Small Loan and its Multidimensional Benefits for Farmers’ Community: an Analytical Study from South Region of Punjab Province, Pakistan

To enable farming sector more productive and efficient, agriculture small loan can play a vital role. For adoption of modern farm practices and technologies, the shortage of agriculture credit is one of the major problems encountered by small subsistence rural farmers. In Pakistan’s economy, the agriculture sector contributes 21 percent of GDP and absorbs more than 43 percent labor force. The aim of this study was to measure the multi-dimensional benefits of agriculture small loan on the living standard of farmers. This study was carried out in four districts of Punjab province located in south region as it offers a large population of agriculture community. The climatic conditions, soil structure and plain fields favor agriculture farming.  Two groups of farmers who borrowed agriculture small loan and who did not borrowed were selected through purposively sampling technique. T-test, averages, percentages and descriptive statistics were applied to compare the benefits of agriculture small loan between two groups. The results were significant at 5 % confidence interval. The outcomes of t-ratio suggested that technical efficiency of agriculture small loan borrowers was higher than non-borrowers, the crop productivity and average profits earned by loan borrowers group was higher than non-borrowers, 40 percent respondents believed that agriculture small loan had increased their access to basic healthcare facilities, 45 % agriculture loan borrowers had increased their marketing orientation, the number of livestock  animals were more with borrowers, around 76 percent farmers were of opinion that their social expenditures and status had raised and approximately 57 % agriculture small loan borrowers were doing alternative off-farming income generating activities by utilizing the surplus income. The study concluded that if small subsistence farmers are properly educated and adequate agriculture small loans are provided, than agriculture small loan can be used a tool for socioeconomic development and sustainable growth of agriculture sector in Pakistan. Keywords: Agriculture Small Loan. Crop Productivity, Market Orientation, Social expenditures, poverty eradication, Punja

Texture Analysis of smear of Leukemia Blood Cells after Exposing to Cold Plasma

Plasma physics and digital image processing technique (DIPT) were utilized in this research to show the effect of the cold plasma (plasma needle) on blood cells. The second order statistical features were used to study this effect. Different samples were used to reach the aim of this paper; the patients have leukemia and their leukocytes number was abnormal. By studying the results of statistical features (mean, variance, energy and entropy), it is concluded that the blood cells of the sample showed a good response to the cold plasma