New Horizons in Regenerative Medicine in Organ Repair

Regenerative medicine is a scientific field that focuses on new approaches in the autologous repair and/or replacement of cells, tissues and/or organs. With time and technical advancements, urethral regeneration, corneal and retinal regeneration, genetically modified skin transplantation has become routine clinical and tissue reconstructive art only due to successful clinical use of stem cells and engineered tissue grafting at defined locations in respective organs in order to bring back the natural or improved physiological functions with enhanced capacity. The tissue engineering and reconstructive art are becoming integral part of the regenerative medicine. This chapter highlights the importance of regenerative medicine in successful tissue reconstruction for organ transplantation

Male Breast Cancer: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives

Male breast cancer (MBC), one of the rare types of cancer among men where the global incidence rate is 1.8% of all breast cancers cases with a yearly increase in a pace of 1.1%. Since the last 10 years, the incidence has been increased from 7.2% to 10.3% and the mortality rate was decreased from 11% to 3.8%. Nevertheless, the rate of diagnoses has been expected to be around 2.6% in the near future, still there is a great lack in studies to characterize the MBC including the developed countries. Based on our search, it is evidenced from the literature that the number of risk factors for the cause of MBC are significant, which includes the increase in age, family genetic history, mutations in specific genes due to various environmental impacts, hormonal imbalance and unregulated expression receptors for specific hormones of high levels of estrogen or androgen receptors compared to females. MBCs are broadly classified into ductal and lobular carcinomas with further sub-types, with some of the symptoms including a lump or swelling in the breast, redness of flaky skin in the breast, irritation and nipple discharge that is similar to the female breast cancer (FBC). The most common diagnostic tools currently in use are the ultrasound guided sonography, mammography, and biopsies. Treatment modalities for MBC include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted therapies. However, the guidelines followed for the diagnosis and treatment modalities of MBC are mostly based on FBC that is due to the lack of prospective studies related to MBC. However, there are distinct clinical and molecular features of MBC, it is a need to develop different clinical methods with more multinational approaches to help oncologist to improve care for MBC patients