MOESM1 of Leucine-rich-repeat-containing variable lymphocyte receptors as modules to target plant-expressed proteins

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Production of VLRB antibodies after HopM11–300 immunization in lampreys. ELISA results for VLRB production from dilutions of plasma from three lampreys immunized with HopM11–300 conjugated to Jurkat T cells and a control non-immunized lamprey (naïve). Binding of VLRBs to HopM11–300-coated plates was detected with a mouse monoclonal antibody and an alkaline peroxidase-conjugated goat α-mouse IgG polyclonal antibody. Absorbance at 405 nm (A405) was measured 30 min after addition of an alkaline peroxidase substrate. Lamprey-1 showed the highest response to HopM11–300. Figure S2. VLRBs can be targeted to intracellular compartments. Visualization of intracellular accumulation of YFP, syntaxin SYP61 (At1g28490), and VLRM1 fused to SYP61 in N. benthamiana. Images were taken with the Olympus IX71 inverted microscope using the YFP filter (excitation 500/24, emission 542/27). White bar length represents 50 µm. Image brightness increased 15% for YFP, and 20% for the other 2 images. Notice how the YFP fluorescence pattern is similar for SYP61 (which localizes to the early endosome/trans-Golgi network) [34, 37] and for VLRM1-SYP61. Figure S3. In planta interaction of HopM1 with VLRM1. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) of HopM1 and its corresponding VLR in Nicotiana benthamiana. Interactions between HopM1 and VLRM1 were tested with both proteins fused to 2 different epitope tags (HA and c-Myc). Highlighted in orange are those proteins detected in the Western blot, while in black are those proteins also expressed but not detected. As negative controls for the co-immunoprecipitations, different proteins that had low or no expression were co-expressed with HopM1 or VLRM1 (data not shown). No reducing agents were used in the buffers. Abbreviations used: VLRM1 = SP-VLRM1, and M1–300 = SP-HopM11–300. a Total protein input of HA and c-Myc tagged proteins. Proteins were detected with α-HA and α-c-Myc antibodies, respectively. Ponceau S staining of the PVDF membrane is shown below the Western blot image. b Immunoprecipitation (IP) using α-HA agarose beads. The IP (α-HA antibodies) and co-IP (α-c-Myc antibodies) Western blots are shown. c Reciprocal immunoprecipitation using α-c-Myc agarose beads. The IP (α-c-Myc antibodies) and co-IP (α-HA antibodies) Western blots are shown. Figure S4. Hypothetical modifications to VLRs to diversify their in planta use. Abbreviations used: NBS = nucleotide-binding site, RLK = receptor-like kinase, RLP = receptor-like protein, and VLR = variable lymphocyte receptor

The effect of comorbidities on diagnostic interval for lung cancer in England: a cohort study using electronic health record data.

BackgroundComorbid conditions may delay lung cancer diagnosis by placing demand on general practioners’ time reducing the possibility of prompt cancer investigation (“competing demand conditions”), or by offering a plausible non-cancer explanation for signs/symptoms (“alternative explanation conditions”).MethodPatients in England born before 1955 and diagnosed with incident lung cancer between 1990 and 2019 were identified in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink and linked hospital admission and cancer registry data. Diagnostic interval was defined as time from first presentation in primary care with a relevant sign/symptom to the diagnosis date. 14 comorbidities were classified as ten “competing demand“ and four “alternative explanation” conditions. Associations with diagnostic interval were investigated using multivariable linear regression models.ResultsComplete data were available for 11870 lung cancer patients. In adjusted analyses diagnostic interval was longer for patients with “alternative explanation” conditions, by 31 and 74 days in patients with one and ≥2 conditions respectively versus those with none. Number of “competing demand” conditions did not remain in the final adjusted regression model for diagnostic interval.ConclusionsConditions offering alternative explanations for lung cancer symptoms are associated with increased diagnostic intervals. Clinical guidelines should incorporate the impact of alternative and competing causes upon delayed diagnosis.</p

Area map for the present study.

<p>Participants were enrolled from treatment sites at Dembecha, Chertekle, Fenote Selam, Debre Elias, Amanule and Bure. Map was created using Google Maps and Microsoft Paint.</p

Additional file 1: of Palliative long-term abdominal drains versus repeated drainage in individuals with untreatable ascites due to advanced cirrhosis: study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial

REDUCe Study. (PDF 69 kb