Changes in R&D Expenditure and Productivity Growth: A Causal Analysis

A study was conducted to directly test the presence of causal relationship between changes in research and development (R&D) expenditure and productivity growth. Granger causality tests are performed using annual time series data for the period 1956-1983. Three measures of productivity are used -- National Income, National Income per person employed, and National Income per hour of work in the nonresidential business sector. Results show that changes in R&D expenditure affect the growth rate of the 3 productivity measures with different degrees of intensity. National Income per hour of work shows the highest growth rate, with the peak effect occurring in the 2nd year and maintaining a high growth rate through the 4th year. National Income shows the 2nd highest growth rate. The growth rate of all 3 measures decreases significantly in the 4th year. These results suggest that when projecting economic growth, planners should take R&D investment levels into account

Mobile Telephone Technology as a Distance Learning Tool

Abstract: This paper presents the methodology, results and effectiveness in the development of Mobile telephonebased (Short Message Service-based) distance learning. The proposed novel real time interactive distance learning approach is about the application of information technology to education, was setup, delivered and evaluated using a real-life environment. Statistical analysis of the achieved results of the learners confirmed this SMS-mobile based learning being as effective as direct face-to-face learning.