A review on factors affecting the design of nasal drug delivery system

Transmucosal nasal delivery is a promising drug delivery option where common drug administrations (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, or oral) are inapplicable. Recently, it has been shown that many drugs have better bioavailability by nasal route than by oral route. This has been attributed to rich vasculature and a highly permeable structure of the nasal mucosa coupled with avoidance of hepatic first-pass elimination, gut wall metabolism and/or destruction in the gastrointestinal tract. The physiology of the nose presents obstacles, but offers a promising route for non-invasive systemic delivery of numerous therapies and debatably drug delivery route to the brain. To overcoming problems in nasal drug delivery requires deep understanding of the various factors affecting nasal delivery. Thus present review focuses on various aspects of nasal drug delivery with special emphasis to factors affecting nasal drug administration.Keywords: Transmucosal nasal delivery, hepatic first-pass metabolism, non-invasive, microemulsions, microspheres

SELF-MICRO EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (SMEDDS): A REVIEW ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND BIOPHARMACEUTICAL ASPECTS

Nearly 40% of new drug candidates exhibit low solubility in water, which is a challenge in development of optimum oral solid dosage form in terms of formulation design and bioavailability of new pharmaceutical products. Many strategies have been used to overcome these problems either by means of modifying the solubility or maintaining the drug in dissolved form throughout gastric transit time. Much attention has focused on lipid solutions, emulsions and emulsion pre-concentrates, which can be prepared as physically stable formulations suitable for encapsulation of such poorly soluble drugs. Recently, self-micro emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) especially have attracted increasing interest primarily because  these are physically stable, easy to manufacture, can be filled in soft gelatin capsules and then will generate a drug containing micro-emulsion with a large surface area upon dispersion in the gastrointestinal tract. The emulsions will further facilitate the absorption of the drug due via intestinal lymphatic pathway and by partitioning of drug into the aqueous phase of intestinal fluids. In the present review, an overview of SMEDDS as a key technology for formulating lipophilic drugs and various factors that potentially affect the oral bioavailability of such drugs are presented. Keywords: Low solubility, Oral bioavailability, Self-micro emulsion, Intestinal lymphatic pathway.Â

PRONIOSOMES: A KEY TO IMPROVED DRUG DELIVERY

In the recent years nanotechnology has brought revolutionary changes in the field of life sciences which includes novel drug delivery systems, diagnostics, nutraceuticals and biomedicals for implants and prosthesis. Sustained and Controlled release drug products are often formulated to permit the establishment and maintenance of drug concentration at site of action for longer interval of time such as liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, etc. ‘Proniosomal technique’ is the one among them. Proniosomes are dry products derived from niosomes. They are water soluble carrier particles that are coated with surfactant and can be hydrated to form niosomal dispersion immediately before use on brief agitation in hot aqueous media. They are being used in order to minimize the problems associated with niosome’s physical stability such as aggregation, fusion, leaking and to provide additional convenience in transportation, distribution, storage and dosing etc. In all comparisons, proniosomes are more promising than conventional niosomes. Keywords: Proniosomes, Niosomes, Liposomes, Stability, Drug releas

EXPLORING PHYTOCHEMICALS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL USES OF CORDIA DICHOTOMA (INDIAN CHERRY): A REVIEW

The use of phytoconstituents single or combined with standard medicines has been utilized in cure of different diseases. Many plants of genus Cordia comprise of trees and shrubs are widely distributed in warmer regions and have been utilized in management of various diseases. Various phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, tannins, and glyceridess having different activities were screened and isolated from different parts of C. dichotoma. Various important Pharmacological properties including Antiulcer, Contraceptives, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, analgesic, anticancer, Antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic and others have been well documented for this plant.  Therefore, we have briefly reviewed the various bioactivities of C. dichotoma to improve our knowledge on plant phytochemicals as therapeutic entities. The present review describes the various phytoconstituents and therapeutic potential of C. dichotoma that can be followed for future research on this plant for human health benefits. Keywords: Cordia Dichotoma, phytoconstituents, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antifertility, Traditional medicin

DENDRIMERS IN DRUG DELIVERY, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY: BASICS AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS

This review gives concise information about the dendrimers, properties, synthesis and application in drug delivery, diagnosis and therapy. Due to their unique architecture these have improved physical and chemical properties. They show high solubility, miscibility and reactivity due to their terminal groups. Dendrimers have well defined size, shape, molecular weight and monodispersity. These properties make the dendrimers a suitable carrier in drug delivery application. Dendrimers are unimolecular miceller in nature and due to this enhances the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Their compatibility with DNA, heparin and polyanions make them more versatile. Dendrimers, also referred as modern day polymers, they offer much more good properties than the conventional polymers. Due to their multivalent and mono disperse character dendrimers have stimulated wide interest in the field of chemistry biology, especially in applications like drug delivery, gene therapy and chemotherapy. Self assembly produces a faster means of generating nanoscopic functional and structural systems. But their actual utility in drug delivery can be assessed only after deep understanding of factors affecting their properties and their behavior in vivo. Key words: Dendrimers, PAMAM, monodispersity, Divergent-Convergent synthesis, carrier for drug deliveryÂ

POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF DENDRIMERS IN DRUG DELIVERY: A CONCISE REVIEW AND UPDATE

This review gives concise information about the application of dendrimers in the field of drug delivery. Due to their unique architecture these have improved physical and chemical properties. Due to their terminal groups these show high solubility, miscibility and reactivity. Dendrimers have well defined size, shape, molecular weight and monodispersity. These properties make the dendrimers a suitable carrier in drug delivery application. Dendrimers are unimolecular miceller in nature and due to this enhances the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Their compatibility with DNA, heparin and polyanions make them more versatile. Dendrimers, also referred as modern day polymers, they offer much more good properties than the conventional polymers. Due to their multivalent and mono disperse character dendrimers have stimulated wide interest in the field of chemistry biology, especially in applications like drug delivery, gene therapy and chemotherapy. Self assembly produces a faster means of generating nanoscopic functional and structural systems. But their actual utility in drug delivery can be assessed only after deep understanding of factors affecting their properties and their behavior in vivo. Key words: Dendrimers, Drug targeting, nanoscale carriers

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf Extracts of Pineapple

Traditional medicines are originated from plants that do not form the constituent of routein diet. Beside this most of the medicinal plants have not received much attention / screening. Ananas comosus is one such plant traditionally used for treatment of various ailments. The pineapple (A. comosus) is the edible member of family Bromeliaceae; Phytochemical screening of the A. Comosus leaves extract shows presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Phytosterols, Glycosides and Phenols. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of crude extract of pineapple leaves (PAL) for antioxidant activity. The value of inhibition of 3 extracts of A. comosus on 2, 2 Diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays at a concentration of 99µg/mL was obtained. Result shows highest inhibition which is obtained by hydro alcoholic solution (56.40) and lowest by ethanolic extract (42.86) respectively. Ascorbic acid as positive control shows 96.5% antioxidant activity. Keywords: Bromeliaceae, Flavonoids, Memory enhancement, Antioxidant, DPPH