Amphibia, Centrolenidae, Centrolene antioquiense (Noble, 1920): new records and geographical distribution in Colombia

The current work provides three new localities for Centrolene antioquiense (Noble, 1920), a small centrolenid endemic to Colombia and known for just four sites. An updated diagnosis and life pictures of this species are also presented. Centrolene antioquienseapparently inhabits the canopy of montane forest and its natural habitat has been severely reduceddue to deforestation

La cabellera larga en la Esparta arcaica, ¿un simbolismo de masculinidad?

En el siguiente ensayo se pretende observar un simbolismo de masculinidad que los espartanos habrían concentrado en la forma de su cabello, más específicamente, en su cabellera larga. No obstante, dicho intento no está exento de problemáticas. Por un lado están las fuentes: ninguna de ellas responde al contexto temporal en el cual se habría originado tal simbolismo -los tiempos de Licurgo-, sino más bien responden a un periodo Clásico y romano, y ni siquiera espartano; en ese sentido, las principales fuentes son Jenofonte y Plutarco, aumentando el nivel de representación. Por otro lado, se encuentra el propio concepto de masculinidad: sus reales posibilidades de aplicación en una sociedad tan alejada temporalmente, como lo es la Esparta arcaica, de su tiempo de creación y discusión, vale decir, nuestro presenteThe following paper intends to observe a symbolism of masculinity that the Spartans would have concentrated on the shape of your hair, more specifically, in their long hair. However, this attempt is not without problems. On one side are the sources: none of them responds to the temporal context in which it would have caused such symbolism-times- Lycurgus, but rather respond to Classical and Roman periods, and even Spartan in that sense, the main sources are Xenophon and Plutarch, increasing the level of representation. On the other side, is the concept of masculinity: its real potential for application in a society so removed temporarily, as is the archaic Sparta, their creation time and discussion, that is, our presen

¿Why fail the software development projects?

La investigación permitió elaborar una relación actualizada de las causas principales por las cuales los proyectos de desarrollo de software fracasan, tomando como punto de partida la revisión de lo investigado por otros autores y contrastándolo con los testimonios de profesionales activos que lideran o hacen parte de equipos de trabajo que se dedican a la ejecución de proyectos de desarrollo de softwareThe investigation develop an updated major cause regarding why development projects software fail, taking as its starting point the review of the investigations of other authors and contrasting it with the testimonies of active professionals who lead or are part of teams work devoted to the implementation of software development projects

Yield losses, chemical control, and epidemiology of fungal leaf blights on seed corn in Iowa

Approximately 30% of US corn seed is produced in Iowa. Conservation tillage practices expose seed corn fields early to overwintering inoculum of foliar diseases in the Midwest, e.g., gray leaf spot (GLS), thus increasing the likelihood of severe disease epidemics. Information is lacking on yield losses in seed corn caused by foliar pathogens and the economics of management via fungicide applications;Field experiments relying on natural infection were conducted during 1990-1992 in commercial seed production fields to quantify the relationship between fungal foliar disease severity at different crop growth stages and yield of saleable seed, and to assess the need of fungicide use. Chlorothalonil, propiconazole, and copper thallate applied at different times and frequencies generated a range of disease severities and provided information on fungicide efficacy. Mancozeb was included in 1992 as an additional commercial control;Disease dominance varied, although the same diseases were always found. In all instances, quantifiable disease levels appeared two to four weeks after mid-silk and became severe later in the season. Kernel weight and size were the primary yield traits affected by disease. Gray leaf spot accounted for losses of 7.7% and 25.1% seed in two trials, respectively. Critical point regression models were significant only when regressing yield on disease at denting stage, and explained only 36% of the variation of yield. Yield losses from common rust (CR) in five trials ranged from 7.7% to 18.9%. Critical point models of yield on CR severity at later growth stages, i.e., mid to full denting, explained better the variation than models based on disease assessed at earlier stages. A late epidemic of Northern leaf spot (NLS) caused losses of 5.9%;Chlorothalonil sprays initiated at 16-leaf stage usually controlled all diseases and yielded better than similar programs initiated at earlier or later stages; two applications were almost as effective as three or four-spray programs in reducing yield losses. At equivalent frequencies and timing, mancozeb rendered better control of CR and NLS than chlorothalonil, although yields were not different. Likewise, propiconazole was slightly less effective than chlorothalonil

A new species of Hyloscirtus (Anura: Hylidae) from Colombia, with a rediagnosis of Hyloscirtus Larinopygion (Duellman, 1973).

Hyloscirtus larinopygion is rediagnosed, and a new species formerly confused with that species is described from the highlands of the Central Cordillera in the Andes Mountains of Colombia. The new species differs from the other species of the H. larinopygion group by its color pattern, iris coloration, and presence of a nuptial pad with dark-brown epidermal projections. We discuss variation and diversity of nuptial pads, the calcar tubercle, and some aspects related to the swollen cloacal region in the H. larinopygion group. Finally, we discuss reproductive biology and problems involving the definition of a putative synapomorphy of Hyloscirtus.Fil: Rivera-Correa, Mauricio. Pontificia Universidade Catolica Do Rio Grande Do Sul. Faculdade de Biociências; Brasil. Universidad de Antioquia; ColombiaFil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentin

Evidence from Latin America: governments increase human capital investment in response to social violence

Mauricio Rivera and Bárbara Zárate-Tenorio argue that democratic governments have incentives to advance human capital since the youth population is overrepresented in acts of social violence. Drawing on data from eighteen Latin American countries, they show that governments increase spending on education in response to increasing levels of social violence. They also find that political ideology plays a role in shaping the government’s strategies to combat violence, with left-wing executives investing more in education than right-wing ones. These and other soft strategies can outperform heavy-handed security policies that not only hinder human rights and the quality of democracy, but also have tended to fail in reducing crime and violence

4,4'-Dimethyl-2,2'-{[2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octa-hydro-1H-benzimidazole-1,3-di-yl]bis-(methyl-ene)}diphenol

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C23H30N2O2, contains one half-mol-ecule, with a twofold axis splitting the mol-ecule in two identical halves. The structure of the racemic mixture has been reported previously [Rivera et al. (2009>) J. Chem. Crystallogr. 39, 827-830] but the enanti-omer reported here crystallized in the ortho-rhom-bic space group P21212 (Z = 2), whereas the racemate occurs in the triclinic space group P-1 (Z = 2). The observed mol-ecular conformation is stabilized by two intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, which generate rings with graph-set motif S(6). In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via non-classical C-H⋯O inter-actions, which stack the mol-ecules along the b axis

Modelacion del efecto del día de la semana para los índices accionarios de Colombia mediante un modelo STAR GARCH

En este trabajo se estudia el comportamiento de los retornos delos tres principales índices bursátiles de Colombia: el IBB de la Bolsa de Bogotá, el IBOMED de la Bolsa de Medellín, y el IGBC de Bolsa de Valores deColombia. A través de un modelo STAR GARCH se identifican dos estados oregímenes extremos; mientras en el primero los rendimientos de los índices son,en términos absolutos, bajos y los procesos son estacionarios, en el segundo setienen grandes pérdidas o ganancias, donde los efectos de los choques son permanentes.Aunque en cada uno de los regimenes el efecto del día de la semana es diferente, los resultados indican que para los tres índices existe un efectodel día de la semana en la media, y un efecto del día en la varianza para laBolsa de Bogotá y Bolsa de Valores de Colombia. Los resultados contradicenla hipótesis de un mercado de acciones eficiente en información.**This document analyzes the behavior of the three Colombian stockmarket indexes: IBB Bogota's stock market, Medellin's IBOMED and theIGBC National Stock Market. By using a STAR GARCH model we identifytwo extreme estates / regimes, the first one showing low returns (on absoluteterms) and stationary processes, and a second estate featuring either big bene-ts or losses and permanent efects of shocks. Although the Day of the WeekEfect is diferent for each one of the indexes, for all of them there seems tobe a mean specifc efect and a variance efect for both the National and Bogota's Stock Markets.The results allow rejecting an information efcient stockmarket hypothesis.efecto del día de la semana; modelos STAR-GARCH; economías emergentes; volatilidad.**Day of the Week Eect, STAR-GARCH models, emerging markets,volatility