GERMINAÇÃO IN VITRO DE SEMENTES DE NONI (Morinda citrifolia L.)

A espécie Morinda citrifolia L. comumente conhecida por noni pertence à família Rubiacea, originaria do Sudeste Asiático. O fruto tem forma ovalada é bastante utilizada na medicina tradicional para o tratamento de alergia, artrite, asma, câncer, hipertensão, insônia, depressão, digestão e também para o aumento da capacidade física. Tendo em vista seu alto valor comercial, e medicinal a fruta é composta principalmente por Proxeronina precursora do alcalóide xeronina. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo testar índice de germinação in vitro de sementes Morinda citrifolia. As sementes foram retiradas de frutos maduros, sementes na ausência do tegumento foram imersas em álcool 70% por 1’, posteriormente em hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% com duas gotas de TWEEN-20º por 10’ e submetidas a 3 enxágues em água destilada e autoclavada. O meio de cultivo utilizado foi MS: T1) MS; T2) MS + 0,5 mg L–1 de GA3; T3) MS + 1,0 mg L–1 de GA3; T4) ½MS; T5) ½ MS + 0,5 mg L–1 de GA3; T6) ½ MS + 1,0 mg L–1 de GA3, em condições de luminosidade e na sua ausência. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado, dados submetidos à análise de variância, as médias foram comparadas pele teste t ao nível de probabilidade de 5%. A desinfestação foi eficaz não apresentando contaminação por microrganismos. A porcentagem de germinação foi maior em T5 e T6 (A), sob condições de luminosidade onde T6 apresentou 100% de germinação demonstrando a eficácia do ácido giberélico associado à metade da concentração de sais básicos do meio MS em condições de luminosidade. As plântulas foram aclimatizadas em copos plásticos contendo terra e esterco bovino

Selection gain in the intrapopulation genetic breeding of yellow passion fruit

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o ganho de seleção associado a características agronômicas de importância no melhoramento intrapopulacional do aracujazeiro‑amarelo. O experimento foi realizado em campo, no Município de Terra Nova do Norte, MT, com a avaliação de 111 famílias de irmãos completos (FIC) e seis cultivares comerciais, utilizadas como testemunhas. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e quatro plantas por parcela. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: produtividade, comprimento, diâmetro e peso médio dos frutos, percentagem e peso de polpa, espessura de casca e teor de sólidos solúveis. Para verificar a existência de variabilidade genética entre os genótipos, estimaram-se os parâmetros genéticos da população com base na média das famílias. Os 30 genótipos com o menor valor da soma de postos, de acordo com o índice de seleção de Mulamba & Mock, foram selecionados para estimar os ganhos genéticos. Observaram-se altos valores médios para as características e parâmetros genéticos avaliados nas 26 FIC e nas quatro testemunhas selecionadas. O uso do índice de seleção proporciona ganhos genéticos positivos em produtividade, percentagem e peso de polpa, comprimento, diâmetro e peso de frutos, e espessura de casca.The objective of this work was to estimate the selection gain associated to traits of agronomic importance, in the intrapopulation genetic breeding of yellow passion fruit. The experiment was carried out in the field, in Terra Nova do Norte, MT, Brazil, by evaluating 111 full‑sib families (FSF) and six commercial cultivars, used as controls. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with three replicates and four plants per plot. The following traits were evaluated: productivity, fruit length, diameter and weight, pulp percentage and weight, skin thickness, and soluble solid content. In order to determine the genetic variability between genotypes, the population’s genetic parameters were estimated based on the means of the families. The 30 genotypes with the lowest sum of ranks, according to Mulamba & Mock’s selection index, were selected to estimate genetic gains. High mean values were observed for the evaluated characteristics and genetic parameters in the 26 FSF and in the four controls selected. The selection index provides positive genetic gains as to: productivity, pulp percentage and weight, fruit length, diameter and weight, and skin thickness

In vitro germination ontogeny of the root adventitious buds and adventitious shoots of the Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes - Rubiaceae

Psychotria ipecacuanha (Rubiaceae) é uma espécie medicinal conhecida como poaia ou ipeca, cujo uso está relacionado à presença dos alcalóides encontrados em suas raízes, sendo os principais emetina, cefalina e psicotrina, que são freqüentemente utilizados no combate da hepatite e disenteria amebiana. Os objetivos do trabalho foram: estabelecer um protocolo para a germinação in vitro de sementes; caracterizar a reprodução vegetativa e os aspectos morfogênicos na produção de gemas adventícias; e regenerar plantas a partir de hipocótilo de P. ipecacuanha. Fragmentos radiculares foram cultivados em meio hidropônico, em solução de Hoagland e em água destilada, com presença ou ausência de 2 mg L -1 de 6-benzilaminopurina. Verificou-se nestes tratamentos que a maior produção de gemas ocorreu em solução de Hoagland. A adição de BAP ao meio (2 mg L -1 ) resultou no decréscimo do número de gemas. In vivo, a produção de gemas adventícias na raiz está associada com injúrias mecânicas e perda parcial da parte aérea. Na análise anatômica do caule de P. ipecacuanha destaca-se um felogênio originando a partir de células epidérmicas e subepidérmicas. As raízes adventícias não apresentam medula e se originam na porção dos entre-nós caulinares prostados ao solo. As gemas adventícias radiculares, formam-se a partir dos meristemóides resultantes da divisão, em vários planos, das células do felogênio. As gemas radiculares em P. ipecacuanha foram classificadas como reparativas e desenvolveram-se assincronicamente. Uma alta taxa de germinação (84,17 %) foi obtida pelo cultivo in vitro de sementes de P. ipecacuanha, com ausência de tegumento, em meio de MS na metade da concentração de sais (MS 1⁄2) com ausência de reguladores de crescimento. A obtenção desses valores pode ser atribuída à remoção da barreira para a embebição representada pelo tegumento, ao potencial osmótico do meio de cultura e as condições ambientais adequadas . As plântulas obtidas foram submetidas a tratamentos com ácido giberélico (GA 3 ) em dois estádios de desenvolvimento. A concentração de 3 mg L -1 GA 3 não influenciou efetivamente o crescimento das plântulas. Hipocótilos com polaridade invertida e segmentos de hipocótilos foram inoculados em meio MS, suplementado com concentrações de BAP (0, 1, 2 e 3 mg L -1 ). A utilização de concentrações mais baixas do regulador induziu maior produção de brotos adventícios. A organogênese nos hipocótilos ocorreu de forma direta. Os brotos adventícios produzidos em hipocótilos com polaridade invertida apresentaram-se mais vigorosos, quando diferenciados fora do meio de cultivo. A indução da rizogênese nas brotações foi eficiente nas concentrações de 1,5 e 3,0 mg L -1 de AIB.Psychotria ipecacuanha (Rubiaceae) is a medicinal species known as poaia or ipeca, which use is related with alkaloids found in its roots, mainly emetin, cephaelin and psychotrin, and frequently used in the treatment of hepatitis and amoebiasis. The species undergoes slow growth and low seed germination, which rendered the vegetative reproduction the main propagation strategy. The goals of this work were: to characterize P. ipecacuanha vegetative reproduction and morphogenic aspects of adventitious bud production; analyze in vitro seed germination and to regenerate plants from hypocotyl explants. Root segments were cultured in Hoagland solution, in which higher number of adventitious buds was observed. The addition of 2 mg L -1 BAP to this solution resulted in a decrease in the number of buds. In vivo, adventitious bud production in the root system is associated with mechanical injuries and to the partial loss of the aerial part. On stem anatomical analysis, attention is drawn to a phellogen originated from epidermical and sub-epidermical cells in the region of adventitious roots emission. The adventitious roots did not display pith and were localized in the stem internodes prostrated in the soil surface. The root adventitious buds formation began with the division in several planes of the phellogen cells, resulting in the meristemoids formation. The buds in the P. ipecacuanha roots are classified as reparative and arise assynchronically. A high germination index (84.17%) was obtained by culturing seeds without the tegument on half- strength MS medium and no growth regulator added. Seedlings were submitted to giberellic acid (GA 3 ) treatment in two developmental stages. GA 3 3 mg L - did not influence the seedling growth. Subsequently, hypocotyls with inverted polarity were transferred to MS medium, supplemented with different BAP concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg L -1 ). The use of lower concentrations of this regulator led to higher production of adventitious shoots. Direct organogenesis was observed in the hypocotyl explants. This was validated by anatomical analysis, which also permitted the description of the main morphogenic events in the adventitious shoot ontogenesis in P. ipecacuanha hypocotyls. The shoots, from inverted polarity hypocotyl, were more vigorous when they were differentiated out the culture medium. Nevertheless, higher production of adventitious shoots was observed in the hypocotyl segments than in the inverted polarity hypocotyls. Additionally, rooting induction was efficient at 1.5 and 3.0 mg L -1 IBA

Overcoming dormancy in seeds of Dietes bicolor (Steud.) Sweet ex Klatt

Seminiferous propagation of Dietes bicolor is hindered by the probable physical and/or morphophysiological dormancy. The objective was to analyze the efficacy of different methods of overcoming dormancy in D. bicolor seeds to determine a possible pre-germination treatment for the species. Two experiments were conducted: (I) Evaluation of the breaking of physical dormancy, in which the treatments of mechanical scarification were carried using sandpaper #100; chemical scarification with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for 5 and 10 minutes and immersion in hot water (70 ºC), also, for 5 and 10 minutes, were evaluated. The intact seed was considered a control. (II) Evaluation of morphophysiological dormancy, in which the seeds were submitted to combined treatments of stratification of hot temperature (20-35 °C) and/or cold temperature (9 ºC), distributed in periods of 0, 1, and 2 weeks, totalizing 9 treatments. In both experiments, germination percentage (G), germination speed index (GSI), and first count (FC) were determined, using a randomized block design, and evaluated by the Scott-Knott test at 1% and Dunnett’s test at 5%. The use of H2SO4 10 minutes induced 42% germination, 0.52 GSI, and 18% FC, but only FC was significantly different from the control. In the second trial, the treatment that spent only two weeks in hot temperatures (20-35 ºC) showed the highest germination (30%), compared to the control (G = 22%). These results provide relevant information for understanding the physiology of D. bicolor germination, in addition to contributing to the optimization of pre-germination practices for this important ornamental species. 

QUALIDADE BACTERIOLÓGICA DE ÁGUA MINERAL COMERCIALIZADA EM TANGARÁ DA SERRA-MT

Diante da constante preocupação com a qualidade de água distribuída para a população, a água mineral se tornou o alvo de pessoas que procuram um estilo de vida saudável, tornando-se então um interessante objeto de pesquisa. Nestas condições, para uma verificação da qualidade da água mineral comercializada na cidade de Tangará da Serra - MT, foi realizada a quantificação de coliformes totais, termotolerantes e bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, além da medição do pH e temperatura de três marcas de água mineral. Para tanto, foram coletadas e analisadas 14 amostras de cada marca de água mineral selecionada, totalizando 42 amostras. A contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes foram realizadas de acordo com a técnica de fermentação em tubos múltiplos, assim como o método de dilui- ção seriada e plaqueamento pela técnica de spread-plate em Plate Count Agar (PCA) para a contagem de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas. Para a medição do pH e temperatura das amostras foi utilizado um medidor de pH (Tecnopon mPA. 210 versão 6,0). Das 42 amostras analisadas, duas (4,8%) amostras obtiveram contagem de coliformes totais, estando uma amostra (2,4%) em desacordo com a legislação vigente. A presença de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas também foi observada em 40,5% (n=17) das amostras, com um índice variando entre 2,3x102 4,3 x 105 UFC/mL. Desta forma, ressalta-se a importância da verificação da qualidade da água mineral comercializada, tendo em vista o seu amplo consumo entre a população, elevando este estudo a interesse de saúde pública

GENETIC DIVERGENCE AMONG Passiflora cristalina Vanderpl & Zappi. GENOTYPES BASED ON FLOWER AND FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the genetic divergence among Passiflora cristalina genotypes and quantify the relative contribution of 30 flower and fruit characteristics, seeking to support the preservation and characterization of genetic resources of the species for preservation and use in future breeding programs. We evaluated 150 fruit and 150 flowers collected in 15 genotypes with naturally occurring in the municipality of Alta Floresta, MT. The characterization of genotypes was performed through 30 morphological characteristics of flowers and fruits, 21 of these for flower and 9 for fruit. Data were evaluated using the principal components and cluster methods obtained by UPGMA method from the similarity matrix (Euclidian mean distance), using the Genes software. By principal component analysis, it has been found that the first three components have absorbed 52.11% of the accumulated variation. The characteristics that most contributed to the discrimination of genotypes were fresh fruit weight, stigma length, length of corona filaments, fruit width, petal width and pulp weight, which are more responsive for the selection of P.cristalina genotypes. Smaller contributions to diversity were obtained from anther width, bract width and fruit length. The smallest contributions for diversity were obtained from the following characteristics: anther width, bract width and fruit length. Through UPGMA clustering method, it was found that there is a large genetic divergence among genotypes analyzed because all genotypes were grouped with over 50% of dissimilarity. This study identified genotypes 4, 5 and 9 as the most divergent and therefore the most suitable for breeding in future breeding programs and genetic conservation of the species

Kinetin and 6-benzyladenine induce different morphogenetic responses in cotyledonary segments of royal poinciana

Understanding the in vitro performance of royal poinciana explants cultured in media supplemented with different types and concentrations of cytokinins may aid in the optimization of regeneration systems established for this woody species. In the present study we evaluate the in vitro performance of royal poinciana cotyledonary explants cultured in the presence of high concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (KIN). Cotyledonary segments obtained from in vitro germinated seedlings were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, supplemented with different concentrations (1, 2, 4, 8 mg L-1) of BA or KIN. In the control treatment, no plant growth regulators (PGRs) were added. After 40 days of culture, regardless of the concentration used, the treatments supplemented with BA presented higher calli percentage and fresh mass compared to treatments supplemented with KIN. Adventitious shoots were mainly observed in BA-treatments. Histological analysis showed that adventitious shoots formed at the periphery of callus formed from mesophyll cells in the regions of the explant sectioning. The results obtained provide new information for the establishment of a micropropagation system for royal poinciana, an important ornamental tree species

In vitro germination of desert rose varieties(

The drought stress resistance is a characteristic of the desert rose and its estimable beauty flowers, which gave it great relevance in the ornamental market. However, the desert rose production and germination is hampered by possible sterility of their male and female flowers and frequent problems in pollination, so the tissue culture is a promising alternative to the propagation of these plants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid on four commercial varieties of desert rose (Adenium obesum) cultivated in vitro. The seeds of the varieties ‘Orange Pallet’, ‘Carnation violet’, ‘Diamond ring’ and ‘Vermiliont’ were sterilized and inoculated on Water + Agar (T0), medium MS (T1), ½ MS (T2), MS + 0.25 mg L-1 GA3 (T3), MS + 0.5 mg L-1 GA3 (T4), ½ MS + 0.25 mg L-1 GA3 (T5), ½ MS 0.5 mg L-1 GA3 (T6). The seeds germination of A. obesum was initiated on the fourth day of cultivation and on the tenth day was possible to observe the expansion of the cotyledons and leaf expansion with subsequent development of early secondary root. The ‘Orange pallet’ variety germinated 100% of seeds on water + agar and MS ½ + 0.5 mg L-1 of GA3. For ‘Diamond Ring’ and ‘Carnation violet’ the highest rate of germination occurred in treatments MS ½; 0.25 mg L-1 GA3; MS + 0.5 mg L-1 GA3 MS ½ + 0.5 mg L-1 GA3 averaging 80% and 70%, respectively. For ‘Vermiliont’ the best response was in MS and MS ½ + 0.5 mg L-1 GA3 ranging between 70-90% germinated embryos. It was registered different malformations in all treatments like absence of roots and apexes during seedling development. The concentrations of GA3 did not affect significantly the seed germination

A novel regeneration system for a wild passion fruit species (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) based on somatic embryogenesis from mature zygotic embryos

The objective of the present work was to induce somatic embryogenesis from zygotic embryos of Passiflora cincinnata Masters. Zygotic embryos formed calli on media with different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4.5 mu M benzyladenine (BA) after 30 days of in vitro culture. A concentration of 18.1 mu M 2,4-D resulted in the largest number of somatic embryos. Embryogenic calli were yellowish and friable, forming whitish proembryogenic masses. Morphologically, embryogenic cells were small and had large nuclei and dense cytoplasm, whereas non-embryogenic cells were elongated, with small nuclei and less dense cytoplasm. Calli cultured under white light on basal Murashige and Skoog`s medium with activated charcoal produced embryos in all developmental stages. There were differences among the treatments, with some leading to the production of calli with embryos and some only to callus formation. Some abnormalities were associated with somatic embryos, including fused axes, fused cotyledons and polycotyledonary embryos. Production of secondary somatic embryos occurred in the first cycle of primary embryo development. Secondary embryos differentiated from the surface of the protodermal layer of primary embryos with intense cell proliferation, successive mitotic divisions in the initial phase of embryoid development, and a vascular system formed with no connection to the parental tissue. This secondary embryogenic system of P. cincinnata is characterized by intense proliferation and maintenance of embryogenic competence after successive subcultures. This reproducible protocol opens new prospects for massive propagation and is an alternative to the current organogenesis-based transformation protocol.FAPEMIG[CAG 1527/2005]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)CAPESConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)CNP