Factors Associated with Expenditure on Animal Protein among Indonesian Households

Background: Eating animal protein (AP) can prevent stunting in children under five, which currently is still 21.5%. Due to scarce resources, households had trouble distributing the cost and frequently had to choose between it and other food expenses. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between various food expenditures and expenditure on AP among Indonesian households. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using secondary data. Data on household food expenditures on AP, prepared food and beverage, cereals, instant noodles, fruits, cooking oil, cigarette, and sugar, total expenditure, household size, and age and education of household head from 97,467 household samples with children under five were obtained from the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) March 2018. Susenas data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire. Using IBM SPSS Version 22, a multiple linear regression was carried out, adjusted for household socioeconomic factors. Results: The average per-capita household expenditure on AP was IDR 24,912, contributing 4.72% to total food expenditure. This expenditure was higher than that on cereals (3.77%) but lower than that on prepared foods and beverages (6.15%). There was a positive association (p<0.001) between fruits, instant noodles, cooking oil, sugar, and beans and nuts expenditure and AP expenditure. Contrarily, there was an inverse relationship between prepared food and beverage (p<0.001), cereals (p=0.004), and cigarette expenditure (p<0.001) and animal protein expenditure. Conclusions: The amount spent on animal proteins was positively correlated with other food. It is possible that the consumption of animal proteins would increase if household funds were diverted from cigarettes and prepared food and beverage

UNDERNUTRITION PREVALENCE AMONG CHILDREN UNDER TWO YEARS OLD IN INDONESIA DURING ECONOMIC CRISIS AND ITS RELATED FACTORS

The objective of this study was to assess undernutrition prevalence among children under-two years in Indonesia and its related factors. This ecological study was conducted to 437 districts using data extracted from nationally representative surveys, which were National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) and National Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) year 2007. Overall, prevalence of High Stunting (HS), High Wasting (HW), and High Underweight (HU) was 46.9%, 59.5%, and 17.2%, respectively. Median prevalence of inadequate intake of energy, protein, iron, and zinc were 33.3%, 11.1%, 81.8%, and 55.6%, respectively. Median prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) was 15.9%, while the median prevalence of diarrhea was 13.0%. Median proportion of low education of the mother was 46.9%. Prevalence of HS was associated with household income, low education proportion of mother, and proportion of food expenditure. Prevalence of HW was associated with prevalence of inadequate energy intake and proportion of food expenditure. Prevalence of HU was associated with proportion of low education of mother and proportion of food expenditure

Knowledge on Nutrition Labels for Processed Food: Effect on Purchase Decision among Indonesian Consumers

This study was conducted to observe the relationship between consumers’ knowledge on nutrition labels and the purchasing behavior for processed food products among Indonesian consumers. A crosssectional study was conducted in August‒September 2018 in five different cities of three provinces (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi). Data were obtained from 400 adult consumers by self-administered questionnaires. The results showed that almost 70% of consumers in Indonesia check food labels; however, from that number only 37.5% paid attention to the nutrition label of a food product prior to making a purchase decision; this was most probably due to their knowledge on nutrition labels that was still poor, as shown by the mean score of 7.7 out of 14 questions (55%). In terms of food groups, milk and dairy products were deemed important by the consumers and the nutrition labels were often checked. When it comes to making a purchase decision, almost all of the consumers (96.0%) had decided to buy food products with nutrition labels as compared to those without. Furthermore, when compared to similar products also bearing nutrition labels, consumers deemed the claims of low fat (28.7%) and low sugar (22.6%) as a sign that the products are healthier and have a better nutrition profile. Knowledge on nutrition labels (OR=1.139; 95% CI:1.016‒1.276; p=0.025) and purchase decision on products with nutrition labels (OR=3.426; 95% CI:1.220‒9.623; p=0.019) were significantly associated with purchase decision for healthier processed food. This study has shown the importance of increasing consumers’ knowledge on nutrition labels in order to achieve a larger impact on food selection, nutrition, and health

POLA KONSUMSI DAN PERMINTAAN PANGAN POKOK BERDASARKAN ANALISIS DATA SUSENAS 2005

Food demand can be found dynamic, altering by the change in price and income. How great the influence of those changes to food consumption is the important information as the basic consideration for government in creating policy related to food consumption. The objective of the research, which has survey design, was to analyze staple food consumption and demand pattern in household in Indonesia. The research was conducted in Bogor, from March to June 2008 by using secondary data Susenas year 2005 with 64.709 households as the samples. The staple food analyzed were rice, corn, cassava, sweet potato, wheat flour and its derived product (instant noodle, noodle). Data was processed by SAS program version 6.12 and Double-Log Regression econometrical model. Then, it was analyzed descriptively. Result shows that rice has the biggest expenditure proportion among staple food. Almost all staple food is obtained by purchasing, except in corn, cassava, and sweet potatoes. Energy contribution from rice reaches half of total energy consumption. The consumption of rice, corn, cassava, sweet potatoes, wheat flour and its derived product, instant noodle, and wheat noodle per capita per year are 100.52 kg, 3.36 kg, 11.67 kg, 4.10 kg, 5.09 kg, 3.39 kg, and 0.22 kg. Staple food which has consumption participation level almost 100% is rice. The own price elasticity of staple foods are not elastic, except in corn, wheat flour and its derived product. The income elasticity of all staple foods is not elastic in all category of region and income stratification. The demand elasticity of staple food give some implications on consumption and food consumption improvement, they are: 1) raising price of staple food can decrease consumption, thus, price stability is very important, 2) almost all staple foods has not elastic income elasticity, so that food consumption improvement needs great stimulus of increasing income, 3) poor household is greatly influenced by the increasing of price, thus, food consumption improvement for them must be conducted by doing many relevant efforts, 4) target of decreasing rice consumption is still cannot be reached, so that staple food diversification must be continuously developed, 5) in order to develop local food consumption, like corn, cassava, and sweet potato, the development of agro industry based on local food and Communication Information Education (CIE) about food consumption diversification are essential to be conducted

Food habits based on gender perspective in rural and urban of West Java

The role of women in food consumption decision-making is closely related to cultural norms. The primary objective of this study was to describe food habits based on gender perspective in West Java. This study used a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted for 12 months in Cianjur Regency (representing rural area) and City of Sukabumi (representing urban area), West Java, Indonesia. The samples were selected using clustered purposive sampling. The total subjects were 150 households. This study showed that in term of food allocation, fathers have privilege, such as fathers eat before mothers and children, setting aside foods for fathers first before sharing the rest with family members, and food menu that the father received was more complete or better. The wives have greater control than husband in aspects of household food management. The wives were also dominant in deciding food expenses in the family rather than their husbands. There were significant differences in food allocation between rural and urban areas. The differences including: fathers eat before mothers and children (p&lt;0.001), menu differences between fathers and other family members (p=0.002), and menu differences among family members (p=0.008). There was a significant difference in decisions making to determine the daily food menu between rural and urban areas (p=0.004). Since mothers play an important role in food purchasing, improving nutrition knowledge is necessary for better quality food at the household level. This will have an impact on the nutritional status of all household members

Konsumsi Buah dan Sayur Siswa Sekolah Dasar Penerima Program Gizi Anak Sekolah di Cianjur

In recent 10 years, Indonesia has experienced chronic nutrition problems in terms of stunting. Almost all people aged older than five years had inadequate vegetables and fruits consumption. The nutrition program for school children (PROGAS) provided breakfast in many schools, particularly those with high stunting prevalence. The study aimed to analyze the fruits and vegetable consumption of elementary school children participating in PROGAS in Cianjur. This cross-sectional study was conducted to 61 students grade 5 and 6  in Public Elementary School Pamoyanan, Cianjur District. This study was done on March-August 2018. Data were collected by interview using a questionnaire, 2x24 hour food recall, and anthropometric measurement. The results of this study indicated that very few (1.6%, 8.2%, and 1.6%) respondents had adequate consumption of staple food, protein source, and fruits, respectively. There was no respondent consumed an adequate amount of vegetables. Staple food was significantly consumed more during the holidays rather than on school days (p=0.035). Fruits consumption was significantly higher during school days compared to holidays (p=0.001). Vegetable consumption was also consumed more during the school day. PROGAS provided a quite large contribution to the nutrient intake so that PROGAS should be continued with a higher amount of vegetables in the menu. AbstrakDalam waktu sepuluh tahun terakhir, Indonesia menghadapi permasalahan gizi kronis pada anak usia sekolah berupa stunting. Hampir seluruh penduduk usia di atas lima tahun kurang mengonsumsi sayur dan buah. Program Gizi Anak Sekolah (PROGAS) memberikan sarapan di berbagai sekolah, khususnya yang memiliki prevalensi stunting tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis konsumsi buah dan sayur siswa SD penerima PROGAS di Kabupaten Cianjur. Desain penelitian menggunakan cross sectional study dengan 61 responden kelas lima dan enam Sekolah Dasar Negeri Pamoyanan, Kabupaten Cianjur. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret-Agustus 2018. Data diperoleh dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner, 2x24 jam food recall dan pengukuran antropometri. Sebagian kecil responden mengonsumsi cukup makanan pokok, lauk pauk, dan buah, secara berturut-turut sebesar 1,6%; 8,2%; dan 1.6%. Tidak ada responden mengonsumsi cukup sayur. Makanan pokok secara signifikan lebih banyak dikonsumsi selama liburan daripada hari sekolah (p = 0,035). Konsumsi buah signifikan pada hari sekolah dibandingkan hari libur (p = 0,001). Konsumsi sayur juga cenderung lebih tinggi di hari sekolah. PROGAS memiliki kontribusi yang cukup besar terhadap kecukupan gizi responden, sehingga PROGAS perlu dipertahankan dengan penambahan penyediaan sayur dalam menunya

Edukasi Program Pekarangan Pangan Lestari di Kota Palu pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19

Palu City is one of the areas affected by covid-19 pandemic. Among all parties, households are severely affected. Income reduction weakens households’ ability to meet their needs for food. To minimize the impact of covid-19 pandemic, education on Home Gardening was implemented on July-August 2020 in 2 location in Palupi Village, Tatanga Subdistrict, Palu City. Program was implemented semi-online through dissemination of tutorial video and demonstration on plant seeding and planting. Moreover, the program was followed by online education on nutritional benefit of the plants via Zoom application. The program was well-implemented with active involvement of the community. Home gardening is potential as alternative to secure household food availability as well as to lessen high household food expenditure due to covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: covid-19, vegetables, demonstration, verticulture, plant seedin

Education on Balanced Nutrition and Food Label Reading for Community in Cibanteng Village, Bogor District

In Indonesia, the number of people suffering from non-communicable diseases is on the rise. The leading cause is unbalanced nutrition. People must be able to choose healthy meals by reading food labels due to the growing quantity of packaged foods on the market. This Serving Lecturer is designed to teach the public about balanced nutrition and how to read nutritional information on food labels to make healthier food choices. On July 31, 2021, the community in Cibanteng Village, Ciampea District, Bogor Regency, received online balanced nutrition and food labelling education. A pre-test and post-test were used to assess public understanding of food labels. As a result, participants gained a better understanding of the principles of a balanced diet, nutritional values, and healthier choices because of this activity. Participants could also choose healthier goods based on the nutritional value information given on the packaging during the practice session. Balanced nutrition and food label education activities can help people eat healthier foods and stay healthy, active, and productive while avoiding disease.Kejadian penyakit tidak menular semakin meningkat di Indonesia. Penyebab utamanya adalah konsumsi yang belum memenuhi prinsip gizi seimbang. Semakin banyaknya makanan yang disajikan sebagai pangan kemasan menuntut masyarakat untuk bisa memilih pangan yang bergizi dengan membaca label pangan. Kegiatan dosen mengabdi ini bertujuan mengedukasi masyarakat tentang gizi seimbang dan cara membaca informasi nilai gizi pada label pangan agar dapat memilih makanan yang lebih sehat. Edukasi dilakukan secara daring pada tanggal 31 Juli 2021 dengan peserta masyarakat di Desa Cibanteng, Kecamatan Ciampea, Kabupaten Bogor. Pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai label pangan diukur menggunakan pre-test dan post-test. Hasilnya, kegiatan ini mampu meningkatkan pengetahuan peserta. Dalam sesi praktik, peserta juga mampu memilih produk yang lebih sehat berdasarkan informasi nilai gizi yang tercantum di kemasan. Kegiatan edukasi gizi seimbang dan cara membaca label pangan dapat menjadi solusi untuk meningkatkan konsumsi makanan sehat agar masyarakat tetap sehat, aktif, produktif, dan terhindar dari penyakit

Pelatihan Pembuatan Pakan Fermentasi di Desa Muaradua Kabupaten Sukabumi

Muaradua Village is one of the villages in Kadudampit Subdistrict, Sukabumi District, with most of the people have their livelihoods on agriculture and livestock. The current problem in the livestock system in Muaradua Village was that there are still many breeders who only use weeds as animal feed. IPB students introduced an alternative forage to increase its shelf life as well as its nutrient content by developing fermented feed. The training, which was held in Kampung Legok Nyenang, Muaradua Village, started with dissemination, followed by practice of development of fermented feed (silage) and evaluation. There were 15 breeders and prospective breeders joined the training. Developed fermented rice straw has better quality than grass, seen from the unchanged leaf color, fermented cassava-like smell, very limited number of mushrooms and still clear and somewhat dry texture. Keywords: feed processing, fermented feed, forage feed, rice straw, ruminant

Compliance Level to Food Labelling Regulation for Micro and Small-sized Enterprises Products: A Descriptive Study in Wonosobo District, Indonesia

Food labelling is an effective tool in protecting consumer health with respect to safety and nutrition. Complying with labelling regulations is essential in preventing product recalls. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the extent of adherence to food labelling regulations by micro and small-sized enterprises (MSEs) in Wonosobo District, in accordance to the existing guidelines. Primary data were collected through a market survey approach, with analysis conducted through purposive sampling in shops, stalls, home industries, markets, and supermarkets. Content analysis was employed to evaluate four categories of processed food: flour/starch-based products, water-based flavored drinks, processed fruit products, and processed grain, nut, and tuber products, totaling 92 products. The compliance level with labelling regulations was evaluated based on the principal display panel, labelling formats, general labelling requirements, and prohibited statements on the label. The results revealed that the compliance level of labelling flour/starch-based products was good, with an average of 75%. In contrast, the average compliance level for water-based flavored drink products was 58%, while the average compliance levels for processed fruit products and processed grain, nut, and tuber products were 54 and 59%, respectively, indicating a lower level of compliance compared to flour/starch-based products