Pharmacological studies of the genus rice (Oryza L.): a literature review

Abstract Rice (Oryza L.) is an essential food for more than 50 percent of the world's population and is the world's second-largest grain crop. Pigmented rice comes in various colors, such as black, red, brown, and green. Anthocyanins, like cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside, are the primary color pigments in colored rice, whereas proanthocyanidins and flavan-3-ol oligosaccharides, with catechins as the central synthesis unit, are found in brown rice. This review article's aim is to give information and a summary of rice activities, research methods, also mechanisms of action (Oryza L.). Intake of pigmented rice was already associated with a number of health benefits, including antioxidant activity, anticancer, antitumor, antidiabetic activity, and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Rice contains several bioactive compounds, such as γ-oryzanol, phenolic acid, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phytosterols, which have been widely studied and shown to have several pharmacological activities. The use of current herbal compounds is rapidly increasing, including the practice of pharmacological disease prevention and treatment. Herbal remedies have entered the international market as a result of research into plant biopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Through a variety of pharmacological activities, it is clear that Oryza L. is a popular herb. As a result, additional research on Oryza L. can be conducted to investigate more recent and comprehensive pharmacological effectiveness, to provide information and an overview of Rice (Oryza L.) activities, research methods, and mechanisms of action. Several natural substances are characterized by low water solubility, low stability, and sensitivity to light and oxygen, and the potential for poor absorption of the active substances requires modification of the formulation. To improve the effectiveness of pharmacologically active substances originating from natural ingredients, drug delivery systems that use lipid-based formulations can be considered innovations

Nanostructured Systems Containing Rutin: In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Photostability Studies

The improvement of the rutin photostability and its prolonged in vitro antioxidant activity were studied by means of its association with nanostructured aqueous dispersions. Rutin-loaded nanocapsules and rutin-loaded nanoemulsion showed mean particle size of 124.30 ± 2.06 and 124.17 ± 1.79, respectively, polydispersity index below 0.20, negative zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency close to 100%. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by the formation of free radical ·OH after the exposure of hydrogen peroxide to a UV irradiation system. Rutin-loaded nanostructures showed lower rutin decay rates [(6.1 ± 0.6) 10−3 and (5.1 ± 0.4) 10−3 for nanocapsules and nanoemulsion, respectively] compared to the ethanolic solution [(35.0 ± 3.7) 10−3 min−1] and exposed solution [(40.1 ± 1.7) 10−3 min−1] as well as compared to exposed nanostructured dispersions [(19.5 ± 0.5) 10−3 and (26.6 ± 2.6) 10−3, for nanocapsules and nanoemulsion, respectively]. The presence of the polymeric layer in nanocapsules was fundamental to obtain a prolonged antioxidant activity, even if the mathematical modeling of the in vitro release profiles showed high adsorption of rutin to the particle/droplet surface for both formulations. Rutin-loaded nanostructures represent alternatives to the development of innovative nanomedicines

ANALISIS PERBEDAAN PENJUALAN TENAGA LISTRIK GOLONGAN RUMAH TANGGA R1 DENGAN SISTEM PASCABAYAR DAN PRABAYAR PADA PT PLN (PERSERO) APJ BANDUNG

Masalah yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan penjualan tenaga listrik golongan rumah tangga R1 dengan sistem pascabayar dan prabayar pada PT PLN (Persero) APJ Bandung. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua variabel yaitu Penjualan tenaga listrik golongan rumah tangga R1 dengan sistem pascabayar (X1) dan Penjualan tenaga listrik golongan rumah tangga R1 dengan sistem prabayar (X2). Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan data sekunder berupa data penjualan tenaga listrik golongan rumah tangga R1 dengan sistem pascabayar dan prabayar pada tahun 2007 dan tahun 2008. Untuk mengetahui perbedaan penjualan tenaga listrik golongan rumah tangga R1 dengan sistem pascabayar dan prabayar pada PT PLN (Persero) APJ Bandung digunakan metode statistik deskriptif dan verifikatif. Hasil dari pengujian hipotesis penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan penjualan tenaga listrik golongan rumah tangga R1 dengan sistem pascabayar dan prabayar pada PT PLN (Persero) APJ Bandung. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan hasil uji t-test yang menunjukan nilai t hitung (13,847) lebih besar dari t tabel (1,9600). Sehingga hipotesis penelitian diterima

Pengaruh Digital Zakat terhadap Penghimpunan Zakat dan Kinerja Lembaga Amil Zakat

Pada zaman yang sudah modern ini, teknologi telah berkembang dengan cepat. Perkembangan teknologi dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan. Di Indonesia sendiri, salah satu bidang yang memanfaatkan perkembangan teknologi adalah zakat. Digital Zakat menjadi inovasi yang dilakukan oleh Lembaga Amil Zakat untuk memaksimalkan potensi zakat yang ada. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian dengan metode kuantitatif Dengan menggunakan data primer dari 42 responden yang diolah menggunakan Structural Equation Model (SEM) dengan basis Partial Least Square (PLS). Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa digital zakat memberikan pengaruh yang positif signifikan terhadap penghimpunan zakat. Kemudian penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa penghimpunan zakat berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kinerja Lembaga Amil Zakat. Yang terakhir, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa digital zakat memiliki pengaruh yang positif signifikan Kata Kunci: Digital Zakat, Penghimpunan Zakat, Kinerja Lembaga Amil Zakat

Formulation and delivery strategies of ibuprofen: challenges and opportunities

Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is mostly administered orally and topically to relieve acute pain and fever. Due to its mode of action this drug may provide useful in the treatment regimens of other, more chronic conditions, like cystic fibrosis. This drug is poorly soluble in aqueous media and thus the rate of dissolution from the currently available solid dosage forms are limited that leads to poor bioavailability at high dose after oral administration. The poor solubility is a problem for developing injectable solution dosage forms. Because of its poor skin permeability, it is difficult to obtain an effective therapeutic concentration from topical preparations. This review aims to give a brief insight into the status of ibuprofen dosage forms and their limitations, particle/crystallization technologies for improving formulation strategies as well as suggesting its incorporation into the pulmonary drug delivery systems for achieving better therapeutic action at low dose