2 research outputs found
ANALOGUE SAMPLES IN AN EUROPEAN SAMPLE CURATION FACILITY - THE EURO-CARES PROJECT.
The objective of the H2020-funded EURO-CARES project (grant agreement n° 640190) was
to create a roadmap for the implementation of a European Extraterrestrial Sample Curation
Facility (ESCF) that would be suitable for the curation of samples from all possible return
missions likely over the next few decades, i.e. from the Moon, asteroids and Mars.
The return of extraterrestrial samples brought to Earth will require specific storage conditions
and handling procedures, in particular for those coming from Mars. For practical reasons
and sterility concerns it might be necessary for such a facility to have its own collection of
analogue samples permitting the testing of storage conditions, and to develop protocols for
sample prepartion and analyses. Within the framework of the EURO-CARES project, we havecreated a list of the different types of samples that would be relevant for such a curation facility.
The facility will be used for receiving and opening of the returned sample canisters, as well as for
handling and preparation of the returned samples. Furthermore, it will provide some analysis
of the returned samples, i.e. early sample characterisation, and is expected to provide longterm storage of the returned samples. Each of these basic functions requires special equipment.
Equipment, handling protocols and long-term storage conditions will strongly depend on the
characteristics of the materials, and on whether returned samples are from the Moon, Mars or
an asteroidal body. Therefore the different types and aspects of analogue samples one need to
be considered, i.e. the nature of the materials, which analogues are needed for what purpose,
what mass is needed, and how should the analogue samples be stored within the facility.
We distinguished five different types of anologue samples: analogue (s.s.), witness plate, voucher
specimen, reference sample, and standard. Analogues are materials that have one or more physical or chemical properties similar to Earth-returned extraterrestrial samples. Reference samples
are well-characterised materials with known physical and chemical properties used for testing.
They may not necessarily be the same materials as the analogues defined above. Standards are
internationally recognised, homogeneous materials with known physical and chemical properties
that are used for calibration. They can also be used as reference samples in certain circumstances. They may be made of natural materials but are often produced artificially. A voucher
specimen is a duplicate of materials used at any stage during sample acquisition, storage, transport, treatment etc., e.g. spacecraft materials (including solar panels), lubricants, glues, gloves,
saws, drills, and others. In addition, Earth landing site samples (from the touch down site)
would be necessary in case of doubtful analysis, even if normally this type of contamination
is not expected. Finally, a witness plate is defined as material left in an area where work is
being done to detect any biological, particulate, chemical, and/or organic contamination. It is
a spatial and temporal document of what happens in the work area.
Analogue materials could be solids (including ices), liquids or gases. These could contain
biological (extant and/or exinct) and/or organic components. They could be natural materials,
e.g. rocks or minerals, or could be manufactured, such as mixtures of different components,
which may be biologically and/or organically doped. Analogues with appropriate sample size
and nature will be well-suited for testing and training of sample handling procedures, and
for transport protocols. The training of science and curation teams also requires reference
samples and standards. Long-term storage needs special witness plates and voucher specimes.
Developing and testing sample preparation protocols needs all sample types
EURO-CARES: GETTING EUROPE READY FOR SAMPLE RETURN MISSIONS - AN EMPHASIS ON RESTRICTED MISSIONS.
EURO-CARES (European Curation of Astromaterials Returned from Exploration of Space)
was a three year (2015-2017) multinational project funded under the European Commission’s
Horizon 2020 research programme. The objective of EURO-CARES was to create a roadmap for
the implementation of a European Extra-terrestrial Sample Curation Facility (ESCF) suitable
for the curation of samples from all possible return missions, to the Moon, asteroids, Mars,
and other bodies of the Solar System. Here we summarize the main recommendations from the
final project report for design and infrastructure requirements to allow the curation of samples
from restricted bodies such as Mars.
Over the course of the project, the team has visited various facilities and companies, to gather
best practices, bring innovative ideas, and build a strong network with the international sample
curation community. Visits were made to the astromaterials curation facilities of NASA and
JAXA, and to related facilities from the nuclear, cleanroom and BSL-4 sectors. Two successful
collaborations with architects (Space architecture department of the Technical University of
Vienna (Austria), then Merrick and Co. in Kanata (Canada) [1]) resulted in the development
of more refined requirements and tentative designs for a Mars Sample Return (MSR) facility.
All possible activities that would take place in a MSR facility were first identified. All activities
related to receiving, assessing, and opening the Earth Return Capsule are performed in a Sample
Receiving Facility. Further activities, such as curation, Sample Early Characterization, andstorage would be performed in a Sample Curation Facility (SCF). The SCF would also include
a suite of instruments necessary for analyses defined in a Biohazard Assessment Protocol and
for Life Detection. In addition, an Analogue and Mock-Up Facility (to be constructed first)
would be used to assemble an analogue material collection, to test instruments and building
materials/techniques, and to train staff members.
A MSR facility needs to integrate both cleanliness and containment principles, to keep the
samples pristine, and to fulfill the Planetary Protection requirement of having a probability
of release P<10−6 for an unsterilized particle larger than 0.1 µm [2]. Primary enclosures for
restricted samples were considered: depending on the activities, it was recommended that
cabinets similar to the ones used in BSL-4 laboratories, or Double-Wall Isolators should be
used [3]. Laminar flow cleanrooms were recommended for limiting cross-contamination while
allowing flexibility in the future.
Because of the European nature of the project, the facility should be located in Europe. Other
parameters, such as limited natural hazards, countries with histories of BSL-4 laboratories and
space exploration expertise, would also need to be taken into consideration. Owing to so many
uncertainties and decisions to be taken (such as the possible widespread use of robotics), it
is impossible to evaluate a precise financial cost for such a facility, however, we estimate that
a fully fitted MSR facility would cost at least 200 M€. Location, use of robots, cleanroom
regime, instrumentation capacities, etc. are amongst the parameters that can drive the costs
for the initial construction, and during the life of the facility.
It is estimated that a minimum of 7 to 10 years would be necessary to define the requirements,
design, build, and commission the facility, while training the necessary staff. It is highly
probable that such a facility will have various funding partners (space agencies, institutions,
countries, etc.); a complex financial arrangement takes time to come to completion.
A MSR facility is a complex project, not only for the engineering aspects but also for financial
and political reasons. In view of the timeline of sample return missions from Mars, it is
imperative to move forward with this project as soon as possible. The design we developed
encompasses the principles of Flexibility, Modularity, and Adaptability.
References: [1] Hutzler A. et al. (2017) 47th ICES, 323. [2] Ammann W., et al. (2012.
ESF-ESSC Study Group on Mars Sample Return Requirements, ISBN: 978-2-918428-67-1. [3]
Vrublevskis J. B. et al. (2016) EURO-CARES WP3 Meeting, p. 27.
Acknowledgements: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020
research and innovation program under grant agreement no 640190