Sex-specific effects of gender identification on pain study recruitment

Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory studies show sex differences in pain responses, with women more sensitive to nociceptive stimulation and more vulnerable to long term pain conditions than men. Given evidence that males are culturally reinforced for the ability to endure (or under-report) pain, some of these findings might be explained by socio-cultural beliefs about gender-appropriate behaviour. One potential manifestation of these effects might be differential participation in pain studies, with males adhering to stereotypical masculine roles viewing participation as a way to demonstrate their masculinity. To test this possibility, we assessed gender identification in 137 healthy participants. At the end of the assessment, they were asked if they would like to participate in other research studies. Interested participants were then asked to participate in a study involving administration of pain-evoking stimulation. We compared individuals who agreed to participate in the pain study to those who declined. We observed a significant sex by participation interaction in masculine gender identification, such that males (but not females) who agreed to participate identified significantly more with masculine gender. Among masculine gender traits examined, we found that high levels of aggression and competitiveness were the strongest predictors of pain study participation. Our results suggest that male samples in pain studies might have higher levels of masculine gender identification than the wider male population. Taken together with previous findings of lower pain sensitivity (or reporting) in masculine-identifying males, these results suggest an explanation for some of the sex-related differences observed in pain responses. Perspective : To examine whether sex and gender affect willingness to participate in pain studies, we assessed gender identification in male and female participants, then attempted to recruit them to participate in a pain study. Males who agree to participate in pain studies are significantly higher in masculine gender identification than males who decline to participate or females who agree to participate. Males who agreed to participate were particularly high in aggressiveness and competitiveness

Setor e emprego informal no Brasil: análise dos resultados da nova série do sistema de contas nacionais - 2000/07 The informal sector and informal employment in Brazil: an analysis of the results of the new series from the national account system (2000/07)

O objetivo central deste texto é retratar o setor informal brasileiro à luz das novas possibilidades de análise que se constituíram a partir da revisão da série do Sistema de Contas Nacionais (SCN), realizada em 2007. São apresentados os resultados referentes à geração de valor adicionado e ao número de ocupações por setor produtivo e tipo de emprego para o Brasil no período recente, considerando a metodologia revista do novo manual internacional de contas nacionais. A base de dados utilizada foi a nova série do SCN, cujo ano de referência é 2000 e os dados disponíveis compreendem os anos 2000 a 2007. Em 2007, o setor informal, que empregava 27,7% dos postos de trabalho do país, teve uma contribuição de 9,9% na geração do valor adicionado. O emprego informal como um todo, por sua vez, alcançou 56,4% das ocupações totais.<br>The central objective of this paper is to present the informal sector in Brazil in face of new possibilities resulting from the revision of the Brazilian SNA series in 2007. The results concerning the generation of value added and the number of occupations by sector of production and type of employment for Brazil in a recent period, are presented in the study. The SNA new series database was used, where the reference year is 2000 and the available data cover the years 2000 to 2007. In the last year of the series, the informal sector, which accounts for 27.2% of jobs in the country, displayed a contribution of 9.9% in the generation of value added. In turn, informal employment as a whole reached 56.4% of total employment