Comment éviter la politique du blâme et les instruments punitifs ? Une analyse comparée des politiques québécoise et terre-neuvienne de lutte contre la pauvreté et l’exclusion sociale

Cet article propose d’analyser et de comparer deux stratégies globales de lutte contre la pauvreté et l’exclusion sociale mises en oeuvre au Canada, soit celles du Québec et de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador. La démarche s’inspire de la théorie du policy design de Schneider et Ingram (1997). Elle vise à éprouver la pertinence de cette théorie en effectuant une analyse de contenu des plans d’action gouvernementaux. L’analyse permet d’observer le type policy design dans chaque cas. Les résultats indiquent que le cas de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador présente un policy design plus démocratique que celui du Québec qui conserve une majorité d’éléments de type dégénératifs. À travers ces cas, l’étude aborde deux problématiques : l’évitement de la politique dégénérative, où le blâme, la polarisation et les stéréotypes sociaux dominent le processus d’élaboration des politiques, et la pertinence de la théorie de Schneider et Ingram à l’extérieur du contexte américain. L’étude conclut en évaluant la pertinence de cette approche théorique dans les systèmes politiques autres qu’américain.This article analyses and compares two general strategies for fighting poverty and social exclusion developed and implemented in the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador. The approach draws on the theory of policy design developed by Schneider and Ingram. The article assesses the relevance of this theory, by comparing governments’ action plans, and especially the policy design proposed in each case. The results are that Newfoundland and Labrador proposed a more democratic policy design than did Quebec, which for its part maintained a majority of elements leading to blame and punishment. The study concludes by assessing the relevance of this theoretical approach in political systems other than the American

Les policy designs contre la pauvreté : une analyse comparée des plans de lutte contre la pauvreté et l'exlusion sociale au Québec et à Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Policy-making Dynamics and Emergent Technology: the Evolution of Biofuel Policy in the United States, Germany, and the European Union

This dissertation advances our understanding of two phenomena that are crucial to studies of public policy: policy-making dynamics, understood as distinct modes of interpersonal interactions between specialized policy actors; and shifts from one policy-making dynamic to another. It proposes a typological theory for explaining different policy-making dynamics (problem-hooking, consensus-keeping, adversarialism, and problem-solving) and the changes therein. This theory development endeavour builds on a detailed account of the evolution of biofuel policy in the United-States, Germany and the European Union over a very long period of time (1906 to early 2014). It proposes a typological theory demonstrating the constitutive role of causal and normative beliefs mobilized in subsystems and the causal role of pathways processes enabling changes from one dynamic to another.Ph.D.2017-06-30 00:00:0

Envisioning an international validation process for New Approach Methodologies in chemical hazard and risk assessment

Despite the global toxicology community discussing New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for chemical hazard and risk assessment, such as in vitro, in silico, and ‘omics-based approaches, for some 30 years, their formal adoption by regulators remains limited. Previous research suggests that insufficient validation, complexity of interpretation, and lack of standardization are salient obstacles to adoption. In this paper we aim to better understand the policy challenges associated with adopting NAMs in chemical risk assessment; and to identify actions that could facilitate and accelerate their formal adoption internationally. We conducted a Delphi study – a group communication process that solicits expert judgments through iterative questioning and feedback – with panelists from government, industry, and non-governmental organizations in Europe and North America. Expert panelists identified two key activities to facilitate and accelerate the validation of NAMs internationally: 1) the development of common data collection, reporting and sharing procedures; and 2) the improvement of knowledge about new test methods among members of the regulatory community. Both activities suggest the need for a common regulatory science infrastructure, including international regulatory dialogues, large-scale research collaborations, and coordinated innovation in technological tools, the discourse of scientific validation, and regulatory procedures. To build trust across many sites (laboratories, regulatory agencies, contract research organizations, chemical producers, and the public), stakeholders will need to agree on validation requirements for particular uses (content in relation to context) as well as how results are to be communicated (data format), and measured (metrics). There is also a need for a global orchestrator, who can exert leadership and inspire voluntary cooperation of diverse organizations to address shared validation goals, to play a key role