State Immunity From Zoning: A Question of Reasonableness

The author applauds the Florida Supreme Court for adopting a balancing of interests test to determine whether an agency of the State must comply with municipal zoning ordinances when it seeks to conduct its affairs, whether governmental or proprietary in nature, within the boundaries of the municipalit

Joe to Jim, 7 December 1957

Personal correspondenc

The effect of certain chemicals on the development of suckers in fire-cured tobacco

This study was designed to determine the effect of certain chemicals on the development of suckers and the influence of the treatments on yield« value and leaf quality of tha tobacco produced and the extent of damage to the plant caused by these treatments

State Immunity From Zoning: A Question of Reasonableness

The author applauds the Florida Supreme Court for adopting a balancing of interests test to determine whether an agency of the State must comply with municipal zoning ordinances when it seeks to conduct its affairs, whether governmental or proprietary in nature, within the boundaries of the municipalit

Combat Sport Nutrition:A Pragmatic Case Study in an Elite Mixed Martial Arts Athlete

Introduction: Mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes typically undergo energy restriction and severe dehydration to compete in a specific weight category: a process known as making weight. This can pose a health risk to athletes and has led to fatalities. Some risks can be mitigated with structured sports nutrition. Methods: This case study provides an overview of a 10-week sports nutrition intervention devised to support an elite male MMA athlete for a world lightweight title bout. Results: Over a 9-week period, body mass was reduced from 81.6 kg (baseline) to 75.4 kg (1-week pre-competition): total loss 6.2 kg (8.2%) equivalent to 0.68 kg.wk-1. In the final 5 days, body mass was reduced by a further 5.2 kg (7.4%), before regaining 5.8 kg (8.3%) and entering competition at 76 kg. There was no incidence of injury or illness throughout the training camp and the athlete reported positive feedback regarding health, wellbeing, and physical performance. Conclusions: The intervention demonstrates a pragmatic approach tomaking weight by allowing moderate rapid weight loss(RWL)and rapid weight gainunder controlled conditions. In the absence of rule changes to prevent RWL, coaches and athletes can utilise sports nutrition strategies to minimise the risks associated with a traditional approach to making weight

Extreme Rapid Weight Loss and Rapid Weight Gain Observed in UK Mixed Martial Arts Athletes Preparing for Competition

There is a lack of research documenting the weight-making practices of mixed-martialarts (MMA) competitors. The purpose of the investigation was to quantify the magnitude and identify the methods of rapid weight loss (RWL) and rapid weight gain(RWG) in MMA athletes preparing for competition. Seven athletes (mean ± SD, age 24.6 ± 3.5 yrs, body mass 69.9 ± 5.7 kg, competitive experience 3.1 ± 2.2 yrs) participated in a repeated-measures design. Measures of dietary intake, urinary hydration status, and body mass were recorded in the week preceding competition. Body mass decreased significantly (p<0.0005) from baseline by 5.6 ± 1.4 kg (8 ± 1.8%). During the RWG period (32 ± 1 hours) body mass increased significantly (p<0.001) by 7.4 ± 2.8 kg (11.7 ± 4.7%), exceeding RWL. Mean energy and carbohydrate intake were 3176 ± 482 kcal.day-1 and 471 ± 124 g.day-1, respectively. At the official weigh-in 57% of athletes were dehydrated (1033 ± 19 mOsmol.kg-1) and the remaining 43% were severely dehydrated (1267 ± 47 mOsmol.kg-1). Athletes reported using harmful dehydration-based RWL strategies, including sauna (43%) and training in plastic suits (43%). Results demonstrated RWG greater than RWL, this is a novel finding and may be attributable to the 32 hour duration from weigh-in till competition. The observed magnitude of RWL and strategies used are comparable to those which have previously resulted in fatalities. Rule changes which make RWL impractical should be implemented with immediate effect to ensure the health, safety and wellbeing of competitors

The Lone Ranger in Rural Education: The Small Rural School Principal and Professional Development

A pressing need on principals and their demands for personal professional development is improving their performance based on evaluation policy standards. State policy standards dictate how principals evaluate teachers and how they are evaluated. Surveying rural principals we investigated the current understanding of state standards and needs for professional development. Rural districts in Utah are remote and isolated. This research highlighted that within Utah rural schools, small school principals have different needs and practices when compared to medium sized rural school principals. Small school principals reported having spent two hours less in collaborating with and mentoring their teachers than did medium school principals. Small school principals also spent less time collaborating with other principals. Based on these results, we recommend that district and state administrators and policy makers target small school principals to provide the needed professional development to assist them in an already isolated and overloaded position