TESTING THE MEDIATING ROLE OF LEADERS’ BACKGROUND ON THE EFFECTS OF NATIONALITY ON GLOBAL MINDSET

This study investigated the impact of nationality on the development of global mindset through an online survey administered to 243 leaders in the U.S. and Germany. The study found no statistically significant difference in global mindset between U.S. and German citizens; however, it did find that dual citizens have significantly higher global mindsets than citizens of a single country. The study also found that the effects of nationality on global mindset are mediated by the personal, educational, and professional factors in the leader’s background. These findings suggest that fundamental factors, such as education and experience, are more important to global mindset than nationality

Extruded suspended core fibers from lanthanum-aluminum-silicate glass

We report the use of the extrusion technique at highest temperatures to date (975 °C-1000 °C) for the fabrication of suspended core fibers (SCFs) from glass with molar composition 65 SiO2-20 Al2O3-15 La2O3 (SAL65). Through adjusting die design and fabrication conditions, extruded preforms for fibers with two different core sizes (1.2 µm and 3.1 µm) were successfully produced. Cross-sectional microstructure and material loss of these fibers highlight the potential of the extrusion technique for fabrication of microstructured optical fibers from glasses with high softening temperature and thus high thermal and mechanical stability. © 2020. All rights reserved

Effects of cold atmospheric pressure plasma and disinfecting agents on Candida albicans in root canals of extracted human teeth

Reinfection in endodontically treated teeth is linked to the complexity of the root canal system, which is problematic to reach with conventional disinfection methods. As plasma is expected to have the ability to sanitize narrow areas, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) on Candida albicans in root canals of extracted human teeth. CAP was applied as mono treatment and in combination with standard endodontic disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine and octenidine). Disinfection efficiency was evaluated as reduction of the logarithm of colony forming units per milliliter (log10 CFU/mL) supported by scanning electron microscopy as imaging technique. Plasma alone showed the highest reduction of log10 CFU, suggesting the best disinfection properties of all tested agents. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Biophotonics published by Wiley-VCH GmbH

COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons for spatial development

Background and aims of this position paper: Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, it has become ever clearer that it poses an enormous challenge for society. The lockdown imposed on large parts of public life, which hit all social groups and institutions relatively abruptly with a wide range of impacts, as well as the measures adopted subsequently have resulted in radical changes in our living conditions. In some cases, the crisis has acted as an accelerator of trends affecting processes that were already ongoing: the digitalisation of communications and educational processes, the growth in working from home and mobile working arrangements, the expansion of online retail, changes in travel behaviour (in favour of cars and bicycles), and the establishment of regional service networks. At the same time, there has been a braking effect on sectors such as long-distance travel, global trade, trade fairs and cultural events, as well as on progress towards gender equality in the division of labour for household responsibilities and childcare. Socio-spatial, infrastructural, economic and ecological effects are becoming increasingly apparent. For those involved in spatial development and spatial planning, urgent questions arise not only about the weaknesses that have become apparent in our spatial uses in terms of infrastructure and public service provision, the economy and ecology, and in our ways of life in terms of housing and the supply of goods and services, but also about what opportunities have emerged for sustainable and self-determined lifestyles. What conclusions for anticipatory and preventive planning can be drawn from these (provisional) findings? Using a critical, multidisciplinary and integrative examination of the spatially-relevant effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper establishes connections between the crisis management of today and crisis preparedness concepts for potential future pandemics. Building on that, it proposes corresponding recommended actions. These actions relate not only to insights for medium-term space-related crisis management but also to conclusions on long-term strategic challenges for spatial development in view of pandemics to be expected in the future. For this position paper, the 'Pandemic and Spatial Development' Ad hoc Working Group at the ARL - Academy for Territorial Development in the Leibniz Association has compiled interdisciplinary perspectives from spatial development and spatial planning, public health services, epidemiology, economics and social sciences, and has condensed them into transdisciplinary recommendations for action. These recommendations are directed at the various action levels for spatial development and spatial planning

Impact of rare earth doping on the luminescence of lanthanum aluminum silicate glasses for radiation sensing

Large core soft glass fibers have been demonstrated to be promising candidates as intrinsic fiber sensors for radiation detection and dosimetry applications. Doping with rare earth ions enhanced their radiation sensitivity. SiO2-Al2O3-La2O3 (SAL) glasses offer easy fabrication of large core fibers with high rare earth concentration and higher mechanical strength than soft glasses. This paper evaluates the suitability of the SAL glass type for radiation dosimetry based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) via a comprehensive investigation of the spectroscopic and dosimetric properties of undoped and differently rare earth doped bulk SAL glass samples. Due to the low intensity of the rare earth luminescence peaks in the 250–400 nm OSL detection range, the OSL response for all the SAL glasses is not caused by the rare earth ions but by radiation-induced defects that act as intrinsic centers for the recombination of electrons and holes produced by the ionizing radiation, trapped in fabrication induced defect centers, and then released via stimulation with 470 nm light. The rare earth ions interfere with these processes involving intrinsic centers. This dosimetric behavior of highly rare earth doped SAL glasses suggests that enhancement of OSL response requires lower rare earth concentrations and/or longer wavelength OSL detection range

KRASG12C/TP53 co-mutations identify long-term responders to first line palliative treatment with pembrolizumab monotherapy in PD-L1 high (≥50%) lung adenocarcinoma

Background: Pembrolizumab is a standard of care as first line palliative therapy in PD-L1 overexpressing (≥50%) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed at the identification of KRAS and TP53-defined mutational subgroups in the PD-L1 high population to distinguish long-term responders from those with limited benefit. Methods: In this retrospective, observational study, patients from 4 certified lung cancer centers in Berlin, Germany, having received pembrolizumab monotherapy as first line palliative treatment for lung adenocarcinoma (LuAD) from 2017 to 2018, with PD-L1 expression status and targeted NGS data available, were evaluated. Results: A total of 119 patients were included. Rates for KRAS, TP53 and combined mutations were 52.1%, 47.1% and 21.9%, respectively, with no association given between KRAS and TP53 mutations (P=0.24). By trend, PD-L1 expression was higher in KRAS-positive patients (75% vs. 65%, P=0.13). Objective response rate (ORR), median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in the KRASG12C group (n=32, 51.6%) were 63.3%, 19.8 months (mo.) and not estimable (NE), respectively. Results in KRASother and wild type patients were similar and by far lower (42.7%, P=0.06; 6.2 mo., P<0.001; 23.4 mo., P=0.08). TP53 mutations alone had no impact on response and survival. However, KRASG12C/TP53 co-mutations (n=12) defined a subset of long-term responders (ORR 100.0%, PFS 33.3 mo., OS NE). In contrast, patients with KRASother/TP53 mutations showed a dismal prognosis (ORR 27.3%, P=0.002; PFS 3.9 mo., P=0.001, OS 9.7 mo., P=0.02). Conclusions: A comprehensive assessment of KRAS subtypes and TP53 mutations allows a highly relevant prognostic differentiation of patients with metastatic, PD-L1 high LuAD treated upfront with pembrolizumab

SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie: Was lernen wir daraus für die Raumentwicklung?

[Veranlassung und Ziele des Positionspapiers] Seit Beginn der "Corona-Krise"/SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie wird immer deutlicher, dass es sich hierbei um eine gesellschaftliche Herausforderung größten Ausmaßes handelt. Der sog. Lockdown weiter Teile des öffentlichen Lebens, der relativ unvermittelt alle sozialen Gruppen und Institutionen mit den unterschiedlichsten Konsequenzen traf, und die darauf aufbauenden Maßnahmen stellen eine radikale Veränderung unserer Lebensumstände dar. Die Krise ist zumindest in Teilen zu einem großen Trendverstärker für bereits ablaufende Prozesse geworden: bei der Digitalisierung von Kommunikations- und Lernprozessen, der Zunahme an Homeoffice/mobilem Arbeiten, der Ausweitung von Onlinehandel, Veränderungen im Mobilitätsverhalten (zugunsten Pkw und Fahrrad) und regionaler Vernetzung der Leistungserbringung. Gleichzeitig wurden Entwicklungen wie Fernreisen, globaler Handel, Messen und Kultur, aber auch eine geschlechtergerechtere Arbeitsteilung mit Blick auf Haushalt und Kinderbetreuung ausgebremst. Sozialräumliche, infrastrukturelle sowie ökonomische und ökologische Auswirkungen zeichnen sich offener ab. Es stellt sich für die Akteure der Raumentwicklung und Raumplanung dringlich die Frage, welche Schwächen unserer Raumnutzungen im Hinblick auf Infrastrukturen und Daseinsvorsorge, Ökonomie und Ökologie, unserer Lebensmodelle mit Wohnen und Versorgung - aber auch welche Chancen für nachhaltige und selbstbestimmte Lebensweisen - offensichtlich geworden sind. Was ergibt sich aus diesen (vorläufigen) Erkenntnissen für eine vorausschauende und vorsorgende Planung? Auf Grundlage einer kritischen, multidisziplinären und integrativen Betrachtung raumrelevanter Auswirkungen der Corona-Krise wird der Bogen geschlagen von der aktuellen Krisenbewältigung zur konzeptionellen Krisenvorsorge für mögliche künftig zu erwartende Pandemien. Darauf aufbauend werden entsprechende Handlungsempfehlungen formuliert. Sie beziehen sich nicht nur auf Erkenntnisse zum mittelfristigen raumbezogenen Krisenmanagement, sondern auch auf Aussagen zu langfristigen strategischen Herausforderungen der räumlichen Entwicklung angesichts zukünftig zu erwartender Pandemien. Der Ad-hoc-Arbeitskreis "Pandemie und Raumentwicklung" der ARL - Akademie für Raumentwicklung in der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft hat hierzu für dieses Positionspapier interdisziplinäre Perspektiven aus Raumentwicklung und Raumplanung, Öffentlichem Gesundheitsdienst (ÖGD), Epidemiologie/ Public Health und Ökonomie sowie Sozialwissenschaften zusammengetragen und zu transdisziplinären Handlungsempfehlungen verdichtet. Diese richten sich an die unterschiedlichen Handlungsebenen der Raumentwicklung und Raumplanung

Microstructural Characterization and Self-Propagation Properties of Reactive Al/Ni Multilayers Deposited onto Wavelike Surface Morphologies: Influence on the Propagation Front Velocity

Reactive multilayer systems are nanostructures of great interest for various technological applications because of their high energy release rate during the self-propagating reaction of their components. Therefore, many efforts are aimed at controlling the propagation velocity of these reactions. Herein, reactive multilayer systems of Al/Ni in the shape of free-standing foils with a wavelike surface morphology prepared by using sacrificial substrates with well-aligned waves are presented and the propagation of the reaction along different directions of the reproduced waves is analyzed. During the ignition test, the propagation front is recorded with a high-speed camera, and the maximum temperature is measured using a pyrometer. The propagation of the reaction is favored in the direction of the waves, which points out the influence of the anisotropy generated by this morphology and how it affects the propagation dynamics and the resulting microstructure. Furthermore, compared to their counterparts fabricated on flat substrates, these reactive multilayers with wavelike morphology exhibit a remarkable reduction in the propagation velocity of the reaction of about 50%, without significantly affecting the maximum temperature registered during the reaction.The work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, grants Scha 632/29 and Scha 632/30 and Scha 632/27 “DFG-Gerätezentrum”). This work was also supported by the free state of Thuringia under grants 2015 FGI 0025 305 (FastμXRD) and B715-10009 (BioMacroNano2020), all cofinanced by the European Union within the framework of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Joachim Döll from the Center of Micro- and Nanotechnology (ZMN), a DFG-funded core facility at TU Ilmenau, is gratefully acknowledged for his professional help in the deposition of the samples. The authors would also like to acknowledge the support of Marcus Glaser and Emina Vardo, both from TU Ilmenau, with the ignition experiments. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.Peer reviewe

In Vivo Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Retina Using the ERAI Reporter Mouse.

PurposeEndoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), a key regulator of the unfolded protein response. The ER stress activated indicator (ERAI) transgenic mouse expresses a yellow fluorescent GFP variant (Venus) when IRE1 is activated by ER stress. We tested whether ERAI mice would allow for real-time longitudinal studies of ER stress in living mouse eyes.MethodsWe chemically and genetically induced ER stress, and qualitatively and quantitatively studied the Venus signal by fluorescence ophthalmoscopy. We determined retinal cell types that contribute to the signal by immunohistology, and we performed molecular and biochemical assays using whole retinal lysates to assess activity of the IRE1 pathway.ResultsWe found qualitative increase in vivo in fluorescence signal at sites of intravitreal tunicamycin injection in ERAI eyes, and quantitative increase in ERAI mice mated to RhoP23H mice expressing ER stress-inducing misfolded rhodopsin protein. As expected, we found that increased Venus signal arose primarily from photoreceptors in RhoP23H/+;ERAI mice. We found increased Xbp1S and XBP1s transcriptional target mRNA levels in RhoP23H/+;ERAI retinas compared to Rho+/+;ERAI retinas, and that Venus signal increased in ERAI retinas as a function of age.ConclusionsFluorescence ophthalmoscopy of ERAI mice enables in vivo visualization of retinas undergoing ER stress. ER stress activated indicator mice enable identification of individual retinal cells undergoing ER stress by immunohistochemistry. ER stress activated indicator mice show higher Venus signal at older ages, likely arising from amplification of basal retinal ER stress levels by GFP's inherent stability