Interpretation of the expansion law of planetary nebulae

We reproduce the expansion velocity--radius ($V_{\rm{exp}}$--$R_{\rm{n}}$) relation in planetary nebulae by considering a simple dynamical model, in order to investigate the dynamical evolution and formation of planetary nebulae. In our model, the planetary nebula is formed and evolving by interaction of a fast wind from the central star with a slow wind from its progenitor, the AGB star. In particular, taking account of the mass loss history of the AGB star makes us succeed in the reproduction of the observed $V_{\rm{exp}}$-$R_{\rm{n}}$ sequence. As a result, examining the ensemble of the observational and theoretical evolution models of PNe, we find that if the AGB star pulsates and its mass loss rate changes with time (from $\sim 10^{-6.4}M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ to $\sim 10^{-5}M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$), the model agrees with the observations. In terms of observation, we suggest that there are few planetary nebulae with larger expansion velocity and smaller radius because the evolutionary time-scale of such nebulae is so short and the size of nebulae is so compact that it is difficult for us to observe them.Comment: 16 pages, 18 figure1, PASJ in pres

Predicting Surgical Site Infection in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Spinal Deformity Surgery

The incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) in pediatric spinal deformity has been reported to remain high in the United States in spite of efforts made to reduce SSI. The risk of SSI is associated with multiple factors. For example, the heterogeneity of patients with different clinical and surgical characteristics in this population imposes challenges to identify the most beneficial preventive strategies for individual patients. This dissertation sought to advance understanding of risk factors and preventive strategies for SSI in individual pediatric patients undergoing spinal deformity surgery. Although the literature reports various risk factors and preventive strategies associated with SSI, there are no reliable review papers using formal methodology to aggregate evidence. The first aim of the dissertation was to conduct a systematic review and a meta-analysis to assess published literature investigating associations between various risk factors and SSI in pediatric patients undergoing spine surgery. The systematic review and the meta-analysis were conducted among peer-reviewed journals published in English between January 2000 - April 2019 using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA-P). Studies included pediatric patients with spinal deformity undergoing surgical procedures in North America and were assessed for risk factors of SSI. Of 763 articles identified, thirteen met inclusion criteria after abstract or full manuscript review, and seven studies were rated as average and six as poor based on the quality checklist. The meta-analysis identified obesity/overweight, neuromuscular etiology, gastrostomy tube, non-ambulatory status, pelvic instrumentation, and high estimated blood as significant risk factors for SSI. Because the published literature does not identify which individual patients are at high risk for SSI, the second aim of this dissertation was to create a calculator using prediction modeling including patient, surgical and hospital characteristics to quantify the risk of SSI in individual patients. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a database from seven centers that included 3,092 pediatric patients (0-21 years of age) with spinal deformity who underwent primary, revision, or definitive spinal fusion from 2004 to 2018. A total of 132 SSI (4.5%) within 90 days after surgery were identified. Candidate risk factors in this study included 31 patient, 12 surgical and 4 hospital factors that were present or determined before the surgery and unlikely to be modifiable. The final prediction model achieved adequate predictive ability (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.76) and included 10 risk factors: overweight/obese, neuromuscular etiology, American Society of Anesthesiologist Physical Status Classification System (ASA) >1, non-ambulatory status, abnormal hemoglobin (HGB) level, high white blood cell (WBC) count, revision surgery, presence of pelvic instrumentation, procedure time for ≥7 hours, and <100 spine surgical case per year per institution. Based on these findings, a risk probability calculator to predict the risk of SSI in individual patients was developed. There are a number of preventive strategies that have been recommended in consensus-based guidelines in the United States. The third aim of this dissertation was to investigate the association between preventive care measures and SSI and predict the reduction of SSI probability in individual patients by these preventive strategies. The database used in Aim 2 was also utilized to investigate the association between preventive care measures and the risk of SSI. Examined preventive strategies were the use of topical vancomycin, povidone-iodine irrigations, multilayered closure, impermeable dressing, the enrollment in Children’s Hospitals’ Solutions for Patient Safety (SPS) program or in the Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program (CUSP), and adherence to the institutional perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis guideline. None of these preventive strategies were included in the risk model from Aim 2. When the CUSP/SPS enrollment alone was in the model, patients whose procedures were performed when sites were enrolled in the programs had 49.4% decrease in SSI (odds ratio [OR]:0.51, [95% CI: 0.32; 0.81], p=0.005) and AUC of 0.56. When CUSP/SPS enrollment was added to the risk model from Aim 2, the model revealed that patients whose procedures were performed when sites were enrolled in the CUSP/SPS had an average 48.9% decrease in SSI (odds ratio: 0.51, [95% CI: 0.29; 0.82]). The final prediction model demonstrated adequate predictive ability (AUC: 0.77). This dissertation highlighted factors associated with an increased risk of SSI and preventive strategies related to a reduced risk of SSI in pediatric patients undergoing spinal deformity surgery. The results of this study will enable healthcare providers to calculate the risk of SSI and effects of preventive strategies in reducing the risk of SSI in individual patients. In the long term, the information from this study could be used to enhance personalized care in clinical practice to prevent SSI in individual patients as well as to facilitate patient education and shared decision-making

A Study of a Viewing Class to Make Junior High School Students Become Active Learners in Collaboration With a Museum : A Plan to Hold an Art Exhibition for Kindergarteners and Elementary School Pupils

本研究は，美術科において，幼児期に育まれた豊かな感性と表現等の基礎の上に，小・中学校教育を通じて育成すべき資質・能力を明確化し，生徒が知識や内容を習得し，資質・能力を身に付けていく状況を見とることを目的とした。研究の方法としては，中学2年生が学芸員になって，園児・小学生を対象としたミニ美術展を企画・開催するため，主体的に問題解決に取り組むことができる題材を，美術館や国語科と連携して開発実践した。そしてタキソノミーテーブルにおける「認知」「精神運動」「情意」「メタ認知」の4領域および資質・能力の相互の関連を捉え，その評価方法を明示して指導し評価を行った。その結果，生徒は，生活や担会の中の造形や美術の働きへの関心を高めながら，主体的で創造的な学習活動に取り組み，資質・能力の高まりが確認できた。課題は効率的かつ，確実な評価方法の開発である。The purpose of this study is to specify qualifications and abilities based on students' feelings and expressions acquired during childhood to be fostered during elementary and junior high school. Additionally, this study aims to examine how students acquire knowledge and qualifications/abilities. In this study, a subject was set to make 8th graders become active participants as museum attendants in collaboration with a museum and Japanese teachers. In addition, they were asked to plan and hold a small art exhibition for kindergarteners and elementary school children. Then, teaching about relationships between taxonomy tables and qualifications/abilities were carried out and evaluated in this study. In this teaching, taxonomy tables with four areas which are "cognition'', "psychomotor", "emotion'', and ''metacognition" were employed. Findings reveal that students tend to have more interest in art, become active participants in learning activities, and increase qualifications/abilities

A study on Creating a Teaching Material Collaborated Expression and Appreciation to develop students' quality and competence: Throughout Making a Small Art and its Exhibition from Learning an Artist

本研究の目的は，美術科における表現と鑑賞の関連的な題材を開発し，「主体的で，対話的な，深い学び」へ向けた授業改善を図ることにより，美術科の本質に根ざした資質・能力の育成の在り方を明らかにすることである。本題材の特徴は，展覧会を開催しギャラリートークをすることを目標に掲げてスタートし，生徒が主体的に取り組みやすい作家研究レポートの様式を開発して取り組ませ，その作家の「様式（スタイル）」や考え方をもとに発想した小作品を制作したことである。研究方法としては，作家研究レポートや小作品に見られる生徒の主体的な取組や，制作過程における小グループでの対話的な学びの効果について分析することとした。その結果，表現と鑑賞の相乗効果により，対象を深く鑑賞する能力を高めたり，自作を客観的に捉え直し主体的に主題に迫る表現を工夫したりする姿が見られた。The purpose of this study is three folded; 1) to create a teaching material collaborated expression and appreciation, 2) to improve lessons to make them "active, interactive, deep", 3) to clarify a new direction of developing students' quality and competence in terms of nature of art education. The features of this study are (a) that the author announced the goal of the lesson; having an exhibition and interacting with visitors, (b) that the author developed a teaching material for students to conduct a project actively about an artist, (c) students create a small art inspired by the style and belief of the artist. The author analyzed students' work on the project and the small art and the effect of interaction in a small group through creating arts. As a result, both expression and appreciation work positively; students develop their ability to appreciate arts deeply, and improve their arts willingly

Detection of Antibody to Chlamydia psittaci: Comparison of Antibody Titers in Human Sera Assayed by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Microplate Immunofluorescence Antibody Technique (MFA)

Antibodies to Chlamydia psittaci in sera of healthy human adults, immunized and nonimmunized animals, rabbits and mice, were assayed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and then the titers were compared with those assayed by the microplate immunofluorescence antibody technique (MFA). The titers of rabbit and mouse sera determined by these two different methods were virtually identical to each other in both specificity and sensitivity. However, many of the human sera showed nonspecific, false positive reaction in the ELISA test. The results indicated that the MFA was more reliable than the ELISA and that the titers obtained by the ELISA had to be examined by other titration method to confirm the specificity. Such disadvantage was not seen in the MFA for the titration of antichlamydial human sera

能登半島地震被災住民における身体的健康影響 : 血圧およびBMIに焦点をあてて

取得学位 : 博士（保健学）, 学位授与番号 : 医博甲第2032号 , 学位授与年月日 : 平成21年3月23日, 学位授与大学 : 金沢大学, 審査結果の報告日 : 平成21年2月17日, 主査 :泉 キヨ子 , 副査 :須釜 淳子, 城戸 照

Study on the qualities and abilities of art and crafts that systematically grow in 12 years of childhood: Through an appreciation class by the active learning

本研究の目的は，アクティブ・ラーニングによる図工・美術科の鑑賞授業を通して，本学校園で育みたい資質・能力のうち，「人間関係形成・社会形成能力」と関連する美術科の本質に根ざした資質・能力が，学年区分ごとについているか明らかにすることである。研究の方法は，小学校２，４年生，中学校１，３年生の子どもに対し共通作品をもとに対話型による鑑賞授業を実施し，授業における子どもの姿を分析し，指導内容や系統の適正について検討する。研究の結果，図工・美術部会で設定した目指す姿に近い様子が見られ，概ね力がついていることが確認できた。今後は，本研究を通して見えてきた鑑賞における学年ごとの発言や思考の特徴を，より具体的な姿として系統表に取り入れ，指導方法とともに改善をしていきたい。The purpose of this study is to clarify whether the qualities and abilities it came from essence of the art department related with "forming human relationships and social development ability" is related to grade level among the qualities and abilities that we want to cultivate at this school through an appreciation class by active learning. In the method of research, we conducted interactive classes based on same works for children of elementary school 2nd, 4th graders, junior high school 1st, 3rd graders, analyzed the appearance of children. As a result, it seemed that it was close to the aim position set by the art group, and it was confirmed that there were abilities almost. In the future, I’d like to incorporate the features of each grade's remarks and thinking in viewing through this research into a systematic table as a more specific form, and improve along with the teaching method

Biological Properties of a Chlamydia Strain Isolated from a Pet Bird, Budgerigar Which Was Kept by a Psittacosis Patient

A newly isolated Chlamydia, designated Izawa strain, was compared with the meningopneumonitis (MP) strain in morphology, serology and biophysical properties. The fine structure of the Izawa strain differed somewhat from the MP strain in the number of surface projections on the surface of elementary bodies (EBs), whereas no obvious difference was seen in the morphology of the chlamydia cells and intracytoplasmic inclusions. When EBs were centrifuged in linear gradients, the Izawa-EBs formed a band at a density of 1.19 g/ml, whereas the MP-EBs banded at a density of 1.21 g/ml. Reticulate bodies (RBs) of the Izawa strain were much more rigid to ultrasonic treatment which completely disintegrated the MP-RBs. There was no difference in the antigenicity between both strains when anti-Izawa rabbit or human serum was used, indicating the usefulness of the MP strain as antigen for the epidemiological survey and serodiagnosis of human sera