Thermomechanical noise of arrayed capacitive accelerometers with 300-NM-gap sensing electrodes

2017 19th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS), 18-22 June 2017.Thermomechanical noise of arrayed capacitive accelerometers with sub-micrometer sensing electrodes was evaluated. The unit accelerometer of the array was 80-μm square, designed as a proportional scale-down of a conventional single-axis accelerometer. Since the size effect shows the capacitance sensitivity per unit volume increases by proportional downsizing, a 10-by-10 array of the one-tenth sized unit accelerometer would have the same sensitivity of a single accelerometer of same occupied area. However, the thermomechanical noise needs to be controlled and reduced by vacuum encapsulation because size reduction causes noise increase. By measuring the electrical impedance at the resonant frequency, the damping coefficient was estimated using electrical equivalent circuit modeling. The estimated thermomechanical noise was reduced below 3 μg√VHZ by encapsulating at 100 Pa, which is low enough for instrumentation applications

Risk factor analysis of thoracic endovascular repair using the Matsui-Kitamura stent graft for acute aortic emergencies in the descending thoracic aorta

ObjectiveIn recent years, thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) has been attempted for acute aortic emergencies (AAEs). However, the risk factors for achieving good results have not been identified. Besides focusing on Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score as a general indicator of patient condition, we analyzed both preoperative factors and intraoperative/postoperative factors. The purpose of this study was to identify those factors affecting the results of TEVAR using our Matsui-Kitamura stent graft (MKSG) for AAEs involving descending thoracic aortic aneurysm.MethodsBetween July 2000 and June 2008, a total of 32 patients (23 men, 9 women) with AAEs underwent endovascular repair. AAE was a result of aortic aneurysm rupture in 16 cases, rupture of penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer in 2 cases, traumatic aortic injury in 9 cases, complicated type B dissection in 4 cases, and aortic infiltration of sarcoma in 1 case. Low blood pressure in 6 patients, acute renal failure in 7 patients, anemia due to bleeding in 12 patients were found at the time of operation. Urgent TEVAR using the MKSG was performed. Perioperative and long-term results for these patients were investigated.ResultsThe delivery and technical success rate for TEVAR using the MKSG, was 100%. Perioperative mortality was 12.5%, and 5-year survival rate was 71%. In both univariate and multivariate analysis, the APACHE II score clarified a risk factor. Among the various elements of an APACHE II score, age, hematocrit, and total score were identified as significant factors. The mean of an APACHE II score was 9.5. Patients with an APACHE II score ≥10 showed significantly lower 5-year survival rates than patients with an APACHE II score ≤9.ConclusionsGood results were obtained using TEVAR to treat AAEs with MKSGs, both perioperatively and during medium-term follow-up. Evaluation of risk factors for TEVAR of AAEs showed the utility of APACHE II score (particularly age, hematocrit, and total score) with a score ≥10 indicating high risk

Isotopic fractionation of water during snow formation: Experimental evidence of kinetic effect

Deuterium excess(d-excess=δD-8・δ^(18)O), which is calculated using two water isotope ratios(δD and δ^(18)O), is an indicator of kinetic isotope fractionation. The d-excess value reflects the evaporation process from the ocean or ice-crystal growth. Consequently, d-excess records preserved in ice cores may provide a climatic history of ocean surface conditions at the vapor source area. J. Jouzel and L. Merlivat(J. Geophys. Res., 89, 11749, 1984) proposed an isotope model to analyze information from ice cores. That model includes kinetic fractionation during snow formation, depending on the degree of the supersaturation ratio of vapor. However, no experiment was conducted under the controlled supersaturation ratio. Experiments described herein measured the isotopic ratios of the vapor and artificial snow produced under a controlled supersaturation ratio to confirm the kinetic isotope effect experimentally. Results indicate a higher d-excess value for ice crystals at a higher vapor supersaturation ratio and provide experimental evidence for the kinetic effect during snow formation

Malignant transformation of diffuse infiltrating glial neoplasm after prolonged stable period initially discovered with hypothalamic hamartoma

We present a case of malignant transformation of diffuse infiltrating glial neoplasm after a prolonged stable period on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) initially discovered with a hypothalamic hamartoma. Although MRI and MRS suggest the possibility of malignant transformation in future, they cannot precisely predict the timing of rapid growth

肝細胞癌の多段階発癌と血管新生因子の発現: 生体顕微鏡所見と組織所見の対比

マウス実験肝癌について、肝癌の発育による多段階的な血行動態および腫瘍血管新生の変化を蛍光生体顕微鏡と免疫組織化学的検討で解析した。colon-26癌細胞の脾臓内注入でマウスに転移性肝癌を作製し蛍光生体顕微鏡観察と免疫組織化学染色で検討した。免疫組織化学染色としてはCD34, ICAM-1 and α-SMAを検討した。これらをもとに転移性肝癌における血管新生の解析と微小循環の変化を検討した。蛍光生体顕微鏡による腫瘍血管形態・周辺類洞との関連・微小循環は以下の4型に分類できた。すなわち、転移性肝癌では、180μm前後までは明らかな腫瘍血管新生はみられず、周辺よりの拡散で栄養を受けるものと考えられた。その後290μmまでは腫瘍内に取り込まれた(残存した)肝類洞から類洞血流と同様の門脈血行を受けることが明らかとなった。その後、次第に腫瘍血管形成が生じ、当初はこの腫瘍血管と周辺肝類洞の結合を通じて門脈血流が主に腫瘍に流入するが、次第に新生動脈が増加し、動脈血行が増加し、最終的に、腫瘍は動脈血流で栄養され、腫瘍内血洞から周辺肝類洞へと還流することが明らかとなった。この研究により転移性肝癌では腫瘍血管新生とともに血行支配は多段階的に変化することが明らかとなりこれまでの報告の差異の原因を明らかにする結果と考えられた。また転移性肝癌に対する診断・治療の改善に有用な知見と考えられた。ラットに3\u27metDABで肝細胞癌・前癌病変を作製し同様の研究を行い、腫瘍内血洞と微小血行動態の多段階的な変化を認めている。現在実験をほぼ終了し資料を解析中である。これらの実験的検討と並行して、臨床例における肝細胞癌の多段階発癌の血行支配の多段階的変化が磁気共鳴診断法による結節の信号強度変化と相関することを明らかとした。The changes occurring in intratumoral microvessels and microcirculation during the establishment of murine colonic hepatic metastases were evaluated by fluorescent intravital microscopy, and compare them with tumor angiogenesis evaluated by immunohistochemical study. 25 mice with hepatic metastases created by injection of colon-26 tumor cells into spleen were studied with in vivo microscopy and immunohistochemistry for CD34,ICAM-1 and α-SMA. Four stepwise patterns were observed according to the changes in morphology, hemodynamics and immunohistochemistry of intratumoral microvessels during the establishment of colonic hepatic metastases, namely, metastases without definite intratumoral blood perfusion nor any intratumoral microvessels (average diameter around 180 μm), with portal perfusion and intratumoral ICAM-1 positive residual hepatic sinusoids (around 290 μm), with both portal and arterial perfusion and increased CD34 positive microvessels and α-SMA positive arterioles (around 520 μm), and with exclusively arterial perfusion and increased CD34 positive microvessels and α-SMA positive arterioles (more than 2000 μm). The differences among the average sizes of the tumors showing these four patterns were statistically significant (P<0.01). Stepwise changes of intratumoral microcirculation from direct diffusion, portal perfusion, mixed portal and arterial perfusion to arterial perfusion in accordance with stepwise tumor neoangiogenesis were seen during the growth of murine colonic liver metastases from a minute focus of cancer cells to macroscopic one. Almost the same analysis was carried out in hepatocellular carcinomas and borderline lesions chemically induced in rat liver.研究課題/領域番号:16591192, 研究期間(年度)2004-2005出典：「肝細胞癌の多段階発癌と血管新生因子の発現: 生体顕微鏡所見と組織所見の対比」研究成果報告書　課題番号16591192 (KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）)　　　本文データは著者版報告書より作

血管造影用カテーテル法による人口的勉脈栓塞作製に関する研究-悪性腫瘍支配動脈閉塞の目的で-

金沢大学医学部研究課題/領域番号:X00210----177307, 研究期間(年度):1976出典：「血管造影用カテーテル法による人口的勉脈栓塞作製に関する研究-悪性腫瘍支配動脈閉塞の目的で-」研究成果報告書　課題番号X00210----177307（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）） （https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-X00210----177307/）を加工して作

肝細胞癌の多段階発癌過程と血管新生: 実験肝癌における生体顕微鏡による解析

生体顕微鏡での肝および腫瘍血流を観察するための基礎実験としての門脈末梢枝閉塞における肝類洞血流の変化を蛍光色素注入下の生体顕微鏡下に観察し以下の結果を得た.側副血行路は3種に分類できた.すなわち,終末枝周辺の肝類洞を介するもの(1),同一終末門脈枝の隣接する分枝から類洞を介するもの(2),隣接する異なった終末門脈枝から類洞を介するもの(3),の3種類である.これらの類洞を介する側副血行路は速やかに形成され塞栓部位末梢の終末門脈枝の血行が再建された.マウス実験的転移性肝癌で発生初期における微小循環の解析を行った。形成初期には門脈枝を通じて腫瘍が栄養されるのが観察された。さらに成長した段階では、腫瘍内に拡張した類洞が見られないもの、腫瘍内に拡張・変形した類洞が存在するもの、腫瘍周辺に拡張・変形した類洞がみられるもの、の3種類の形態が観察された。同様の観察を,ウイスター系ラットにn-nitrosomorpholineで誘発した原発性肝癌,境界病変で比較検討した.境界病変から肝癌への進展に伴って類洞が変形・拡張し,不整な腫瘍内血洞へと変化することが明らかとなった.血流方向,周辺類洞との関連など解析事項が多く現在研究が進行中である.これらの実験に加えて,functional CTを用いたマウス腫瘍血管新生評価を行った.また臨床例でsingle-level dynamic CT during hepatic arteriograpy像と組織像の対比から転移性肝癌の微小循環を明らかにし,生体顕微鏡観察との比較を行った.また実験的研究と並行して肝硬変の多段階発癌に伴う肝細胞性結節の予後と血流の関連を明らかにした.To analyze the changes of the sinusoidal microcirculation surrounding a tumor, selective embolization of the terminal portal venule was made in mice livers during the in vivo observation of sinusoidal flow by fluorescent vital microscopy.To clarify the early stage neovascularization of the hepatic carcinoma, experimental liver metastases and hepatocellular carcinoma and its borderline lesion were made and their microcirculation was observed by fluorescent vital microscopy.In the very early stage of metastasis, the cancer cells were fed by the portal venules.However, in ccordance with the growing of the tumor, internal dilated blood sinusoids became prominent gradually, These sinusoids had abundant connection with the surrounding hepatic sinusoids and were considered to be originated from the hepatic sinusoidal capillarization.In addition, the emodynamics of metastatic liver cancers and hepatocellular carcinomas were analyzed using imaging methods in comparison with histology and prognosis of the tumors in clinical cases.研究課題/領域番号:14570841, 研究期間(年度):2002-2003出典：「肝細胞癌の多段階発癌過程と血管新生: 実験肝癌における生体顕微鏡による解析」研究成果報告書　課題番号1457084 (KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）)　　　本文データは著者版報告書より作

肝細胞癌及び境界病変の悪性度と結節内血行の関連及びその生物学的性状に関する研究

金沢大学医学部本研究では経動脈性門脈造影下CT(CT during arterial portography;CTAP)と肝動脈造影下CT(CT during hepatic arteriography;CTA)による結節内血行支配診断と日本肝癌研究会による組織型との関連を検討し、これらの結節の悪性度診断における有用性を明らかにすることを目的とした。その結果の概要については平成9年度の報告書に記載したが以下のごとくである。対象はCTAPあるいはCTAが施行されたのち組織学的に確診された201結節である。CTAP上結節内門脈血流は周辺肝と同等(A)、やや低下(B)、一部欠損(C)、全体が欠損(D)に分類され、腺腫様過形成(AH)はAを、異型AH(AAH)はBを、高分化肝癌(wd-HCC)はCを、中ないし低分化肝癌(mp-HCC)はDを示す割合が他の組織型に比し有意に高かった。CTA上の結節内動脈血流は、周辺肝と同等(I)、低下(II)、一部増加(III)、全体に増加(IV)に分類され、mp-HCCがIVを示す割合が他の組織型に比し有意に高かった。またAHがIを、AAHがIIを、wd-HCCがIIIを示す傾向がみられた。初期の高分化肝癌はCTAP、CTAでいずれもAAHとwd-HCCの中間の血行を示した。また、結節内血行支配と結節の生物学的悪性度を自然経過観察結節で検討した。結節の悪性化を結節がDあるいはIVを示すようになることと定義した。CTAPあるいはCTAを6カ月以上の間隔で繰り返し施行した176結節の非治療結節についてその悪性化率をKaplan-Meier法で検討した。AおよびI型を示す結節では経過観察期間内(約2年)で悪性化したものはなく、BあるいはII型を示すものは約30%が悪性化し、CあるいはIII型を示すものは約90%が悪性化した。すなわち、結節内血行支配診断による結節の悪性度評価は結節の生物学的悪性度とも良好に相関することが示された。以上の結果より結節内血行支配の画像しよる評価は肝硬変における種々の肝細胞性結節の臨床的取り扱いの決定に有用であり、大きな意義があると考えられた。The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between intranodular blood supply evaluated by CT during arterial portography (CTAP) and CT during hepatic arteriography (CTA) and the grade of malignancy of hepatocytic nodules associated with liver cirrhosis based on the classification by Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan, and to evaluate the appropriateness of the diagnosis of grade of malignancy by CTAP and/or CTA in comparison with the natural course of the nodules. CTAP and CTA findings were compared to the histological diagnosis among 201 nodules in 139 cirrhotic patients. On CTAP, adenomatous hyperplasia (AH) mainly demonstrated almost the same portal supply relative to the surrounding liver (group A), atypical Ahs (AAH) decreased portal flow (group B), well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas (wd-HCC) partial absence of portal supply (group C), and modelately or poorly differentiated HCCs (mp-HCC) absence of portal supply (group D), respectively. The ratios of the above groupes in each histological groups were statistically significant compared to those in the other groups. CTA findings were also devided into four groups, the same arterial supply (group a), decreased arterial supply (group b), partially increased arterial supply (group c), and increased arterial supply (group d). There was a tendency that Ahs showed group a, AAHs group b, wd-HCCs group c, without statistically significance. All of mp-HCCs demonstrated group d. There was a statistically significant correlation between the four groups and the grades of nodules, in the order of A, B, C, D and a, b, c, d from low to high grade of malignancy. The malignant transformation ratios of the nodules in each groups in 176 nodules were compared. Malignant transformation was defined as more than half of a nodule was stained on CTA or was shown as perfusion defect on CTAP. With increase in grade of malignancy of CTAP findings, malignant transformation ratio was increased. On the other hand, there was a discrepancy between the grade in the groups classified by CTA findings and their prognosis, because, group a includes two different conditions, AH and AAH or ewd-HCCs. On the combination of CTAP and CTA, no malignant transformation was seen in the nodules with group A and a, 30% malignant transformation in the nodules with group B or b, and more than 90% malignant transformation in the nodules with type C or type c during 24 months. This result well corresponded with the grade of malignancy diagnosed by CTAP and CTA. The evaluation of blood supply by arteriographic CT was considered to be valuable to estimate the grade of malignancy of these nodules, to make clear human hepatocarcinogenesis, and to determine the treatment method.研究課題/領域番号:09670920, 研究期間(年度):1997 – 1998出典：研究課題「肝細胞癌及び境界病変の悪性度と結節内血行の関連及びその生物学的性状に関する研究 」課題番号09670920（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）） （https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/report/KAKENHI-PROJECT-09670920/096709201998kenkyu_seika_hokoku_gaiyo/）を加工して作

肝動脈塞栓術による肝亜区域硬化療法に関する実験的研究

金沢大学医学部小肝細胞癌に対する肝動脈亜区域塞栓術の治療効果を向上させるためには,動脈側からの注入でperibiliary venous plexus (PBP)を介して門脈に流入し,門脈血流も一時的に遮断できる塞栓物質が望ましい。この目的ではLipiodolが優れていることが知られているが,Lipiodol単独ではその効果は一時的で十分ではない。今回Lipiodolの種々の他の塞栓物質との混合物の中でこの目的に最も適したものを検討する目的で実験的検討を行った。成犬を用い,Lipiodol単独,Lipiodolとヒストアクリルの種々の割合の混合液,Lipiodolとabsolute ethanolの混合液,LipiodolとGelfoam powderの混合液を肝動脈から注入直後および10日後に,軟線撮影とLipiodol染色で,Lipiodolの肝内での分布を組織学的に検討した。その結果LipiodolとGelfoam powderの混合物でPBPと門脈に最も強くLipiodolの残存が認められ,また肝の区域性の壊死も強度であった。以上の結果より,現在使用可能な塞栓物質の中ではLipiodolとGelfoam powderの混合物が小肝癌に対する亜区域塞栓術の塞栓物質として有用であると考えられた。また,これらの塞栓物質の肝内での動態をin vivoで観察し,新たな有効な塞栓物質を開発する目的で生体顕微鏡下に肝内血流を観察するシステムを構築し,現在in vivoでのLipiodol等の動態研究を開始したところである。研究課題/領域番号:06670908, 研究期間(年度):1994出典：研究課題「肝動脈塞栓術による肝亜区域硬化療法に関する実験的研究」課題番号06670908（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）） （https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-06670908/）を加工して作