Progeny testing of Pinus sylvestris L. of seed orchard in different environmental conditions

Evaluation of the   progeny test of plus trees of Scots pine - a necessary condition for determining the prospects the use of improved seeds in different environmental conditions. The paper presents the results of the study of the progeny test of groups of clones of plus trees of Scots pine selected according to certain characteristics in Northern Steppe and South Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Analysis of results showed: a significant improvement in the growth rates of the all testing progenies of seed orchard in the better climatic and soil conditions of South Forest-Steppe between the ages of 3 and 10 years. At the same time 4 out of 5 studied progenies worsened their growth indicators relative to local control at the age of 3 to 26 years in less optimal climatic and soil conditions of Northern Steppe. The leader in the steppe conditions was the progeny of a fraction of three clones, which had the highest seed productivity. The selection of the fastest growing clones and the rejection of the slowest growing ones had a positive effect on the growth of progenies of seed orchards at both test points

ECOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAKE POND (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA: PULMONATA: LYMNAEIDAE) DUE TO THE INFLUENCE OF CADMIUM IONS IN THE AQUEOUS MEDIUM

В статье приведены результаты исследований по изучению влияния ионов кадмия (остролетальные концентрации – 5-0,5 мг / дм3; хронические летальные – 5.10-2-5.10-3 мг / дм3; выдерживаемые – 5.10-4-5.10-5 мг / дм3; подпороговые концентрации – 5.10-6 мг / дм3 иниже) на этологические, морфологические и физиологические показатели прудовика озерного. На основе многолетних исследований изучено выживание особей в токсичной среде в зависимости от концентрации иона металла и продолжительности его воздействия. В результате изучения биологических особенностей по совокупности основных токсикологических показателей для L. stagnalis, подверженных действию ионов кадмия водной среды, установлено, что этот металл является сильнотоксичным. Исследование показало, что самое сильное токсическое воздействие на процессы обмена в теле прудовиков имеют растворы хронических летальных концентраций ионов кадмия.В статье приведены результаты исследований по изучению влияния ионов кадмия (остролетальные концентрации – 5-0,5 мг / дм3; хронические летальные – 5.10-2-5.10-3 мг / дм3; выдерживаемые – 5.10-4-5.10-5 мг / дм3; подпороговые концентрации – 5.10-6 мг / дм3 иниже) на этологические, морфологические и физиологические показатели прудовика озерного. На основе многолетних исследований изучено выживание особей в токсичной среде в зависимости от концентрации иона металла и продолжительности его воздействия. В результате изучения биологических особенностей по совокупности основных токсикологических показателей для L. stagnalis, подверженных действию ионов кадмия водной среды, установлено, что этот металл является сильнотоксичным. Исследование показало, что самое сильное токсическое воздействие на процессы обмена в теле прудовиков имеют растворы хронических летальных концентраций ионов кадмия.The article presents the results of research on the influence of cadmium ions (acute concentrations – 5-0,5 mg / dm3; chronically lethal – 5.10-2-5.10-3 mg / dm3; sustained – 5.10-4-5.10-5 mg / dm3; subliminal concentrations – 5.10-6 mg / dm3 and below) on the ethological, morphological and physiological parameters of lake pond. Based on many years of research, the survival of individuals in a toxic environment has been studied, depending on the concentration of the metal ion and the duration of its exposure. As a result of the study of biological peculiarities in the set of basic toxicological indices for L. stagnalis, exposed to cadmium ions of the aqueous medium, it was established that this metal is highly toxic. The study showed that the strongest toxic effects on the metabolic processes in the body of the pond have been the solutions of chronic lethal concentrations of cadmium ions.Heavy metals present in natural waters belong to a group of trace elements, which are characterized by high physiological activity in micro and ultramicrodoses. The specific biological significance of cadmium as a trace element has not been established. However, due to its chemical properties, this metal has a cumulative effect on aquatic organisms, which can replace zinc in many vital enzymatic reactions, leading to their breakage or inhibition. Cadmium is among the very poisonous substances, it can reduce reproduction and delay the development of embryos in animals. In populations, there are mechanisms that determine their density. These include, in particular, the size and age structure and survival of individuals. In the age-old specimens, the pond lobster, as well as mollusks from the same masonry, placed in the solution of heavy metal ions, usually exhibits significant variability in growth rates, size and body weight. It is known that growth processes are quite sensitive to the slightest changes in any ecological factor, therefore the size and weight characteristics of animals placed in a poisonous environment are among the parameters that characterize the organism's response to hydro-organisms to change the quality of water. Recently, the number of studies in which the effect on hydrobionts of nown lethal concentrations is studied is growing. In this case, the main attention of researchers is aimed at studying acute poisoninghydrobionts, and for him the main criterion is the level of survival. However, there are still very few works in which the toxic effects of small concentrations of heavy metals are evaluated for their prolonged action, that is, in conditions close to those existing in contaminated natural waters. Although, knowing the ability of heavy metals to cumulation, attention should be paid to the survival of animals for the long-term exposure of the toxin, because this parameter determines the effectiveness of the reproduction of molluscs. Given that in the scientific literature there is only a discrete data on the influence of various concentrations of cadmium ions on the body of molluscs, we evaluated the influence of this toxicant on theethological, morphological and some physiological parameters of lacustrine pond. The research is relevant in view of the fact that without this nformation one can not do without the prospect of biotesting of environmental monitoring of waters

INTERCONNECTION OF PHOSPHATE-CALCIUM REGIME OF RESERVOIRS WITH THEIR BIOPRODUCTIVITY (REVIEW)

Обобщены данные о содержании кальция и фосфора в континен-тальных водоемах различных геологических зон Украины, поско-льку эти элементы определяют ход многих физико-химическихпроцессов в водоемах и влияют на их биопродуктивность. Кальцийи фосфор являются чрезвычайно важными структурными элемен-тами всех живых систем, играют существенную роль в регуляциипроцессов, протекающих внутри водоемов, имеют большое значе-ние в определении трофности водоемов. Одним из критериев приоценке возможной роли минеральных солей в жизнедеятельностигидробионтов, является установление взаимосвязи между общейминерализацией воды, ее ионным составом, численностью ибиомассой отдельных водных организмов. Изменение содержаниякальция и фосфора в воде может осуществлять как прямое, так иопосредованное влияние через планктонные и бентосные кормо-вые организмы, на видовой состав и численность рыб, обитающихв морских и континентальных водоемах. Существуют данные, под-тверждающие наличие взаимосвязи между изменением соотноше-ния в воде ионов кальция, фосфора и других элементов с видовымсоставом и численностью рыб.Обобщены данные о содержании кальция и фосфора в континен-тальных водоемах различных геологических зон Украины, поско-льку эти элементы определяют ход многих физико-химическихпроцессов в водоемах и влияют на их биопродуктивность. Кальцийи фосфор являются чрезвычайно важными структурными элемен-тами всех живых систем, играют существенную роль в регуляциипроцессов, протекающих внутри водоемов, имеют большое значе-ние в определении трофности водоемов. Одним из критериев приоценке возможной роли минеральных солей в жизнедеятельностигидробионтов, является установление взаимосвязи между общейминерализацией воды, ее ионным составом, численностью ибиомассой отдельных водных организмов. Изменение содержаниякальция и фосфора в воде может осуществлять как прямое, так иопосредованное влияние через планктонные и бентосные кормо-вые организмы, на видовой состав и численность рыб, обитающихв морских и континентальных водоемах. Существуют данные, под-тверждающие наличие взаимосвязи между изменением соотноше-ния в воде ионов кальция, фосфора и других элементов с видовымсоставом и численностью рыб.The data on the content of calcium and phosphorus in continental waters of different geological zones of Ukraine is summarized, since these elements determine the course of many physical and chemical processes in water bodies and affect their bioproductivity. Calcium and phosphorus are extremely important structural elements of all living systems that play an important role in regulating the processes occurring inside the reservoirs, which are of great importance in determining the trophy of water bodies. One of the criteria for assessing the possible role of mineral salts in the life of hydrobionts is the establishment of the relationship between the total mineralization of water, its ionic composition, the abundance and biomass of individual aquatic organisms. Changes in the content of calcium and phosphorus in water can have both directand indirect effects through planktonic and benthic fodder organisms, on the species composition and number of fish living in marine and continental waters. There is evidence that there is a correlation between the change in the ratio of calcium, phosphorus and other elements in water to the species composition and number of fish. The chemical state of surface water, including the content of calcium and phosphorus in them, is marked by a large variety due to geological and soil conditions and anthropogenic influences. Calcium and phosphorus are extremely important structural elements of all living systems, which play an essential role in regulating processes occurring inside the reservoirs, which are of great importance in determining the trophy of reservoirs. Increasing anthropogenic eutrophication of continental reservoirs, increasing the content of calcium phosphates and other minerals significantly affects the development of individual forms of hydrobionts. In connection with an increase in the content of phosphates and other biogenic elements in many reservoirs, the biomass of phytoplankton has increased, the number of individual forms of malacafauna and ichthyofauna has changed. Therefore, the role of phosphorus and calcium in the activity of hydrobionts as the most important plastic elements that take part in the regulation of the main metabolic processes occurring at different levels of the organization of living systems is of particular importance. One of the tasks set before hydrobiological science is to increase the productivity of internal reservoirs, including fish productivity. Solving this problem requires the further development of research into the mechanisms of adaptation of fish to environmental factors of the water environment. An important aspect of this question is the study of phosphoric-calcium metabolism in hydrobionts, in particular in fish, because it is closely related to bioenergetic, biosynthetic and other processes in the body. It is established that in the mechanism of animal adaptation the leading role belongs to the energy metabolism, in particular, the metabolism of macroergic phosphorus compounds. Calcium and phosphorus play an important role in the life of reservoirs, determining the course of many physical and chemical processes and affecting their bioproductivity. The content of these elements in the waters of different reservoirs varies widely. It is known that in atmospheric precipitation entering the water body, there is practically no calcium and contains a small amount of phosphorus. As a result of the interaction of atmospheric precipitation with geological rocks and soils, water is enriched with various organic and mineral substances, in particular calcium and phosphorus. This can be explained by the fact that in each geochemical zone there are water with a chemical-specific specific to each region

Trophic characteristics of Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) in toxic environment

The influence of ions of heavy metals (copper, cadmium, nickel, zinc, cobalt and manganese) was investigated on the basis of trophic characteristics: the average daily ration (ADR), and duration of food passage (DFP) of the Lymnaea stagnalis L. in various concentrations of toxicants in vivisection experiment. In addition to these indicators, the total amount of food consumed in the solutions with various concentrations of pollutants was found out during the chronic experiment and it was calculated for an individual (average monthly ration – AMR). It leads to the conclusions about the intensity of food consuming considering different levels of intoxication. In solutions with lethal concentrations, the death of animals occurs during the first day of its impact due to the damage of tissues and organ systems. Chronic lethal concentrations of toxicants inhibit the nutrition of pond snails dramatically. At the beginning of the experiment, solutions of heavy metals with sublethal concentrations give some stimulatory effect on the digestive system of molluscs that is replaced by its suppression in case of longer being in the toxic environment. The influence of toxicants within a subthreshold limit cannot be considered safe because of the cumulative properties of heavy metals – they become sublethal with prolonged exposure time