21 research outputs found
ANTHROPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NOVICE AND TRAINED VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Antropološke karakteristike odbojkaša istraživane
su uglavnom na seniorskim uzrastima, dok je mali broj
istraživača radio s juniorima. Cilj ovog istraživanja je
utvrditi antropološki profil igrača uzrasta 15 do 18 godina
i pri tome analizirati razlike između početnika i igrača iste
dobi ali koji su podvrgnuti trenažnom procesu najmanje tri
godine.
Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku skupine od 24
odbojkaša mlađih uzrasta od 15-18 godina odbojkaškog
kluba „Mladost“ iz Zagreba. Ispitanici su podijeljeni u
dvije podskupine po 12 igrača. Prvu skupinu činili su
odbojkaši istog kluba koji su trenirali odbojku više od tri
godine (tri do sedam godina), a drugu skupinu činili su
odbojkaši koji su trenirali odbojku manje od godinu dana.
Obje skupine ispitanika imale su prosječno oko 16 godina
( kupina 16,75 : kupina 16,25).
Ispitanicima su izmjerene masa i visina tijela,
postotak masnog tkiva metodom bioelektrične
impedancije, frekvencija srca i arterijski krvni tlak u
mirovanju, spirometrijski parametri (vitalni kapacitet,
Tiffeneauov indeks), dinamometrijski pokazatelji (stisak
šake, fleksija podlaktica, ekstenzija trupa i ekstenzija
nogu), volumen srca, te pri testu maksimalnog
opterećenja na pokretnom sagu maksimalni primitak
kisika, puls kisika i maksimalna frekvencija srca.
Obrada podataka izvršena je primjenom
programskog paketa STATISTICA, ver 8.
Mladi odbojkaši višlji su i teži od svojih vršnjaka koji
se ne bave sportom i imaju manju količinu masnog tkiva,
no niži su od odbojkaša seniora.
Može se zaključiti da su odbojkaši početnici sličnog
antropološkog profila kao i trenirani odbojkaši istog
uzrasta. Međutim već trogodišnji trening ostavlja trag na
karakteristike i sposobnosti odbojkaša što je vidljivo u
ukupnoj masi tijela, jakosti nogu i trupa te volumenu srca.Several studies investigated anthropological
characteristics of senior volleyball players, while young
players were studied rarely. The aim of this investigation
was to evaluate the anthropological profile of volleyball
players aged 15 to 18 years with special attention to
differences between novice players and those who were
involved in volleyball training for three or more years.
The sample consisted of 24 volleyball players from
AŠK Mladost, Zagreb, 12 of them novice and 12 who
were training three or more years. The examinees
underwent measurement of standard anthropometric
variables (body mass and height, percent of fat),
spirometry, spiroergometry, lower body muscular
strength and arm strength, and heart volumetry. Standard
statistical procedures were used to calculate descriptive
statistical parameters and t-test was used to analyze
differences between two groups.
The average body measures of young volleyball
players, as expected, greatly exceeded those reported for
nonathletic population of the same age in Croatia. On the
other hand, these measures were lower than in senior
volleyball players in Croatia or in the world. Their
functional abilities were on high level and similar to those
of elite players.
It can be concluded that the anthropological profile
of novice and trained volleyball players of the same age is
similar. But volleyball training after only three years made
some differences and they were present in body mass, leg
and body strength and heart volume
CHANGES OF RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE RATIO IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY
We conducted a longitudinal study to examine changes in the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during progressively increasing body exertion in children and adolescents of female sex. In this analysis we only included 23 examinees for whom we had all yearly measurements from examinee\u27s age 9 years until 18 years of age.
The data were analyzed according to the chronological and biological age. According to both criteria, the highest RER values were recorded at moments of maximum exertion and they did not increase with age. We found the highest RER values were in the year of the menarche.
We interpret these results as related to the effect of estrogen. The beginning of sexual development involves a gradual increase in estrogen plasma concentrations. At one point serum levels of estrogen reach a level high enough to allow for maximum RER values, i.e. causing the optimium anaerobic capacity of the examinee. this threshold estrogen value varies between individuals
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PROFILE OF SOCCER REFEREES
Nogomet kao jedan od najpopularnijih sportova
današnjice igra se u velikom broju zemalja svijeta ne samo
na natjecateljskoj razini nego kao i vrlo popularna
rekreacijska sportska igra. Sastavni dio igre su i
nogometni suci čiji je zadatak reguliranje ponašanja
igrača i ostalih sudionika nogometne igre kroz
implementaciju pravila. Osim glavnog suca koji donosi
konačne odluke, na terenu se nalaze još 3 suca koja mu
pomažu u regulaciji igre. Kako bi odluka suca bila što je
moguće pravilnija, sudac mora biti na pravom mjestu i
imati kvalitetan pregled situacije što zahtijeva odliènu
kondicijsku pripremljenost, vizualnu percepciju,
mentalnu sposobnost, fokusiranost pažnje, te spremnost i
sposobnost donošenja brzih odluka. Za vrijeme
natjecateljskih utakmica suci prijeðu ukupno 9 do 13 km,
razlièitim intenzitetima kretanja, ali prosjećno na razini
85 do 90% maksimalne frekvencije srca, odnosno 70 do
80% maksimalnog primitka kisika. Koncentracije laktata
u krvi u rasponu je izmeðu 4 i 5 mmol/l, ali zabilježene su
vrijednosti i do 14 mmol/l. Sve navedeno vodi do
èinjenice da su optereæenja kojima su podvrgnuti suci jako
velika i da se pred njih postavljaju veliki zahtjevi, ponekad
i veæi nego na igrače.Soccer, as one of the most popular modern sports, is
played in many countries around the world, not only at a
competitive level but also as a very popular recreational
sports game.
Soccer referees are an integral part of the soccer
game.Their job is to regulate the behavior of players and
other participants through the implementation of soccer
rules.In addition to the principal referee who makes the
final decision on the ground, there are 3 assistant referees
that may assist in game regulation. To make the most
correct decision, the referee must be at the right place and
have an overview of the situation which requires excellent
physical condition, visual perception, mental ability,
focus, willingness and ability to make quick decisions.
During competitive games, referees pass a total of 9-13
km with varying levels of intensity, but approximately at
the level of 85 to 90% of the maximal heart rate and
respectively 70 to 80% of the maximal oxygen
consumption. Blood lactate concentration is between 4
and 5 mmol / l, but the recorded values were as high as 14
mmol / l. All this leads to the fact that they are subjected to
high levels of exertion that can sometimes even exceed
those that the players endure
Efficiency of polyphenolic diet on health and functional capacity in professional and recreational athletes
Pravilna prehrana smatra se jednim od bitnih preduvjeta
zdravog života. Prevencija bolesti, poboljšanje zdravlja i
funkcionalnih sposobnosti u sportaša i rekreativaca doveli
su do povećanja interesa za spojevima s bioaktivnim
djelovanjem. Polifenoli su jedni od tih spojeva. Njihova
široka dostupnost i specifični fiziološki učinci prezentiraju
ih kao jedinstvene prehrambene spojeve. U dosadašnjim
istraživanjima povezanosti polifenola i potencijalnog učinka
na zdravlje uočen je pozitivni učinak kod kardiovaskularnih,
metaboličkih i neurodegenerativnih bolesti s obzirom
na njihovu protuoksidacijsku, protukancerogenu,
protualergijsku i protuupalnu aktivnost. Posebno se može
promatrati njihova uloga funkcionalne hrane kod sportaša
i rekreativaca zbog jedinstvenih zahtjeva u psihofizičkom
smislu. Učinci polifenola pomažu u različitim fiziološkim
stanjima koja slijede za vrijeme i nakon tjelesne aktivnosti.
Pokazane su značajne uloge u zaštiti i oporavku mišića
i kostiju, prevenciji metaboličkih bolesti i održavanju
mentalnog zdravlja sportaša i rekreativaca.Proper nutrition is one of the basic prerequisites for
a healthy lifestyle. The need to find compounds with
bioactive agents in order to prevent disease, improve health
and functional capacities in professional and recreational
athletes has resulted in an increase of interest. Polyphenols
are one of these compounds. Their wide accessibility
and specific physiological effects make them unique
nutritional compounds. Current research on the potential
positive effects of polyphenols on health shows benefits
on cardiovascular, metabolic and neurodegenerative
diseases, regarding their antioxidative, anticancerogenic,
hypoalergenic and antiinflammatory activities. Their role as
a functional food in athletes can be observed due to unique
requirements, with reference to their psycho-physiological
demands. The effects of polyphenols are beneficial in cases
of various physiological conditions, which occur during or
after physical activity. Important roles in the protection and
recovery of muscles and bones, prevention of metabolic
diseases and maintenance of mental health have been shown
in professional and recreational athletes
UTJECAJ UMORA NA PRECIZNOST I KINEMATIČKE PARAMETRE ŠUTA U KOŠARCI
The main objective of this study was to establish
whether fatigue has an effect on accuracy during
basketball shooting. Aside from basketball shooting
accuracy, two very important kinematic parameters were
also examined as they have an effect on the level of
accuracy during shooting: the speed of performing the
actual shot and the angle at which the ball enters into the
basket after a jump shot is performed.
In conducting this research one examinee was
observed, a member of the Croatian U16 National
Basketball Team. This research included a precisely
defined protocol according to which the following
parameters were established: the accuracy of basketball
shooting (ratio between successful and missed shots), the
speed of performing the shot and the angle of entry of the
ball into the basket. The physiological load was
determined by performing the standardised specific
protocol which the examinee performed until exhaustion.
The results which were obtained indicate that there
are no significant changes in the accuracy during one
point, two point or three point shooting under the
influence of physical fatigue. The obtained results of
kinematic parameters indicate that there are statistically
significant differences in the shooting speed before and
after loading in two point and three point shots. During
performing free throws the angle of entry of the ball into
the basket changes, whereas the accuracy remains
unchanged.Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi ima li
umor utjecaj na preciznost šuta u košarci. Osim
preciznosti takoðer su analizirana i dva vrlo važna
kinematička parametra za koja su dosadašnja istraživanja
utvrdila utjecaj na preciznost šuta: brzina izvoðenja
samog šuta i kut pri kojem lopta ulazi u koš nakon skok
šuta.
U provedbi ovog istraživanja sudjelovao je jedan
ispitanik, čan Hrvatske U16 košarkaške reprezentacije.
Istraživanje ukljuèuje precizno definiran protokol prema
kojem su uspostavljeni sljedeći parametri: preciznost šuta
(omjer izmeðu uspješnih i neuspješnih šuteva), brzina
izvedbe šuta i kut ulaska lopte u koš. Umor je izazvan
izvoðenjem standardiziranog protokola fiziološkog
opterećenja trčanjem koji ispitanik obavlja do
iscrpljenosti.
Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da nema značajne
promjene u preciznosti šuta za jedan, dva ili tri poena pod
utjecajem tjelesnog umora. Dobiveni rezultati
kinematičkih parametara pokazuju da postoje statistički
značajne razlike u brzini šuta prije i poslije opterećenja pri
šutu za dva i tri poena. Tijekom izvoðenja slobodnih
bacanja kut ulaska lopte u koš se mijenja ali bez promjene
preciznosti
Konzumacija alkohola i duhana među sportskim trenerima
Sport coaches are a population with its specific characteristics and because of their association with the athletes, especially the young, their lifestyle habits deserve attention. The aim of this study was to determine the habits related to alcohol consumption and smoking in the Croatian sport coaches. The study was conducted on 56 women and 147 men, coaches of various sport disciplines in 2012. AUDIT questionnaire, related to alcohol consumption, and FTND questionnaire to determine nicotine addiction were used. Most of the sports coaches of both genders have no problems with alcohol and their nicotine addiction is on average weak, although there are some very serious nicotine addicts.Sportski treneri su populacija sa svojim specifičnostima, a zbog njihove povezanosti s igračima, osobito mladima, njihov način života i navike zaslužuju pažnju. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrđivanje navika vezanih uz konzumaciju alkohola te pušenje cigareta hrvatskih sportskih trenera. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 203 sportska trenera različitih sportskih disciplina. Ispitanici su anonimno ispunili anketu (AUDIT upitnik) vezanu uz konzumaciju alkohola te anketu vezanu uz naviku pušenja cigareta te upitnik FTND koji se koristi za utvrđivanje nikotinske ovisnosti. U ukupnom uzorku anketiranih trenera bilo je 56 žena i 147 muškaraca. Prosječna dob žena bila je 24,3 godine, a muškaraca 27,1 godina. Ispitani treneri oba spola najviše konzumiraju vino i pivo. Prosječne vrijednosti ukupnog AUDIT-zbroja ispitanih trenera značajno su ispod granice od osam bodova što jasno pokazuje da većina trenera nema problema s alkoholom. Međutim, raspon u kojemu se kreće AUDIT pokazuje da ima i trenera kojima alkohol predstavlja problem. Prosječni rezultati za sportske trenere oba spola pokazuju da je njihova ovisnost o nikotinu u prosjeku slaba, iako najveće vrijednosti pokazuju da ima i vrlo teških ovisnika o nikotinu (veći broj među ženama)
EVALUATION OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BASKETBALL PLAYERS AND THEIR COACHES
Osnovni cilj ovog rada je pokušati definirati
kvalitetu interpersonalnog odnosa igrač-trener utvrđivanjem
njihove percepcije (stavova). Za ostvarenje navedenog
cilja korišten je uzorak ispitanika sasatvljen od 120
košarkaša i 10 trenera tih košarkaša na poluzavršnom
turniru za kadete (10 najbolje plasiranih ekipa u
Hrvatskoj). Za utvrđivanje interpersonalnog odnosa
upotrebljen je uzorak varijabli od 20 tvrdnji iz A1/A2
modificiranog upitnika Marije Bratanić (“Paradoks
odgoja“, 2002). U statističkoj analizi prikupljenih
rezultata traženo je slaganje između percepcije trenera i
igrača pomoću sukladnosti njihovih odgovora na
ponuđenim kategorijama po pojedinoj tvrdnji. Te su
vrijednosti izražene kao postotci slaganja.
Zadaća ovog rada biti će ukazivanje na mogućnost
dobivanja povratnih informacija o tome kako igrači
doživljavaju trenera otkrivajući moguće nesporazume,
slaganja i neslaganja u međusobnim odnosima s njihove
točke gledišta, te na taj način omogućiti trenerima i
igračima dobivanje informacije i smjernice za
unaprijeđivanje njihove komunikacije i njihovih odnosa,
što će stvoriti povoljnije uvjete za kvalitetniji rad,
suradnju i postizanje boljih rezultata.The main goal of this paper was to define the quality
of player-coach interpersonal relationship by means of
studying their respective attitudes based on the perception
of their relations.The sample of one hundred and twenty
basketball players and their coaches (10) in the semi-final
cadet tournament (the ten highest ranking teams of
Croatia) were used to achieve the above mentioned aim. In
order to define the interpersonal relationship a sample of
variables consisting of twenty statements was used. Those
twenty statements were taken from A1 and A2
questionnaire (1). SPSS version 13 was used for the
statistical analysis. The frequencies of answers were
calculated and the correspondences between the coaches\u27
and the players\u27 perceptions was evaluated by means of
comparing their answers in each of the given categories of
statements. The intention of this paper was pointing out
the possibility of getting feedback information about the
players\u27 perceptions of their coaches in order to reveal any
possible misunderstandings in their personal relations and
their respective points of view. This could enable both the
coaches and the players to improve their communication
and relationship, which could then create more favourable
conditions for their cooperation and in the long run
achieving better results
Morphological Differences of Elite Croatian Track-and-Field Athletes
In this sudy we present the morphological characteristics of 54 Croatian national level track-and-field athletes. 21
anthropometric body measures were taken on a sample of 15 sprinters (S), 16 endurance sprinters (S4), 10 middle-distance
runners (MD) and 13 long-distance runners (LD). Body fat percentage, body mass index and somatotype were also
calculated. Canonical discriminative analysis showed significant difference between the athletes of various running
events, in the measures of body volume and body fat, while no significant difference was found in the variables of longitudinal
and transversal dimensions of the skeleton. ANOVA and Student t-test for independent samples showed statistically
significantly higher thigh and lower leg circumference in sprinters, as well as greater upper arm skinfold in middle-
distance runners. The mesomorphic component is a dominant characteristic of somatotype of the runners in all
events, whereas the ectomorphic component is the least marke
THE INFLUENCE OF FITNESS - MOTOR PREPAREDNESS ON THE QUALITY OF OFFICIATING IN BASKETBALL
S obzirom na izrazitu dinamičnost košarkaške igre za
pretpostaviti je da kvalitetnija kondicijsko – motorička
priprema sudaca omogućuje lakše praćenje kretnji igrača
tijekom igre što u konačnici rezultira boljom kvalitetom
suðenja. Cilj u ovom istraživanju bio je utvrditi utjecaj
kondicijsko - motoričke pripremljenosti košarkaških
sudaca na njihovu kvalitetu suðenja. Uzorak ispitanika
sastojao se od 31 suca, prosječne dobi 33,35±5,17 godina
koji su se nalazili na A listi sudaca I. Hrvatske košarkaške
lige u natjecateljskoj sezoni 2008/2009., dok je uzorak
varijabli bio sastavljen od testova za procjenu motoričkih i
funkcionalnih sposobnosti te tri varijable pod nazivom
Dob, Iskustvo i Kvaliteta suðenja. Obrada podataka
izvršena je primjenom programskog paketa STATISTICA
for Windows, ver. 8. Višestrukom (multiplom)
regresijskom analizom pokušala se utvrditi zavisnost
funkcionalnih i motoričkih sposobnosti (nezavisne
varijable) i kvalitete suðenja na košarkaškim utakmicama
(zavisna varijabla). Dobiveni rezultati regresijske analize
pokazali su da nema statistički značajne povezanosti
izmeðu kondicijsko - motoričke pripremljenosti
(motoričkih i funkcionalnih sposobnosti) sudaca i njihove
kvalitete suðenja, odnosno rezultati su potvrdili
pretpostavku kojom iskusniji suci uz prijeko potrebno
teorijsko znanje „oplemenjeno“ istančanim osjećajem za
igru postižu bolje rezultate u suðenju uz preduvjet dobre
kondicijsko - motoričke pripremljenosti.Considering the great dynamics of the game of
basketball it can be assumed that better fitness – motor
preparation of the referees allows better monitoring of the
players during the game, which ultimately results in better
quality of game officiating. The object of this research was
to determine the influence of fitness – motor preparation
of basketball referees on their officiating quality. The
sample of respondents consisted of 31 referees, the
avarrege age of 33,35±5,17, who were on the A referee list
of the First Croatian Basketball League in the season
2008/2009., while the sample of variables consisted of
tests for assessment of motor and functional abilities, and
three variables by the name of Age, Experience and
Qualitiy of officiating. Data processing was performed
using the software package STATISTICA for Windows,
ver. 8. Regression analysis was used to determine
dependence of functional and motor abilities
(independent variables) and quality of officiating
basketball games (dependent variable). The results
obtained by regression analysis showed that there is no
statistically significant relation between fitness – motor
preparation (motor and functional abilities) of the referees
and their quality of game officiating, or in other words, the
results confirmed the assumption by which more
experienced referees, with the necessary theoretical
knowledge enriched with aesthetic feeling for the game,
achieve better results in officiating a game with the
requirement of good fitness – motor preparation