14 research outputs found

    Structure clonale, diversité génétique et croissance radiale du peuplier faux-tremble au Canada

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    La diversitĂ© et la structure gĂ©nĂ©tique des espĂšces arborescentes sont influencĂ©es par des facteurs historiques comme les migrations et les flux gĂ©niques lors de la recolonisation postglaciaire ou encore des facteurs environnementaux comme les perturbations naturelles (climat, feux de forĂȘts, sĂšcheresse, insectes). Au cours du temps, ces facteurs ont modelĂ© la rĂ©partition spatiale de la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique des espĂšces prĂ©sentes dans les Ă©cosystĂšmes forestiers nord-amĂ©ricains comme le peuplier faux-tremble (ou tremble; Populus tremuloĂŻdes Michx.). Ainsi la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique et la structure clonale du tremble peuvent varier en forĂȘt borĂ©ale et dans la tremblaie-parc en fonction de facteurs tels que les conditions climatiques, les rĂ©gimes de feux ou encore la fragmentation du paysage. De la mĂȘme façon, la croissance radiale tend Ă  ĂȘtre principalement influencĂ©e par les conditions environnementales propres Ă  chaque site. Cependant, la composition gĂ©nĂ©tique des arbres pourrait aussi jouer un rĂŽle important dans les dynamiques de croissance, et aucune Ă©tude n’a encore Ă©valuĂ© ces effets dans des peuplements naturels du peuplier faux-tremble. Cette thĂšse s’articule autour de trois chapitres dont les objectifs Ă©taient: i) de comprendre les origines et les dynamiques de recolonisation du peuplier, ii) d’évaluer les variations rĂ©gionales de diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique et de structure clonale au Canada, et iii) de mesurer l’effet de la structure gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations sur les variations de la rĂ©ponse de croissance du peuplier. Dans le chapitre 2, nous avons tentĂ© s’identifier les zones refuges et les routes de la recolonisation postglaciaire Ă  travers l’étude de la diversitĂ© et de la structure gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations entre elles. En AmĂ©rique du nord, la derniĂšre pĂ©riode glaciaire est l’évĂšnement rĂ©cent ayant eu le plus de consĂ©quences sur la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique actuelle des espĂšces borĂ©ales. Un total de 28 populations a Ă©tĂ© Ă©chantillonnĂ© entre l’Alaska et la Saskatchewan. Nos rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© qu’il y avait peu Ă  pas de diffĂ©rentiation gĂ©nĂ©tique entre les populations de P. tremuloides sans signe d’isolation gĂ©nĂ©tique avec la distance gĂ©ographique dans la partie nord-ouest de son aire de rĂ©partition. Nous avons observĂ© les valeurs les plus faibles d’hĂ©tĂ©rozygotie observĂ©e et les valeurs les plus Ă©levĂ©es de richesse allĂ©lique au niveau du piĂ©mont des montagnes rocheuses de l’Alberta, une rĂ©gion qui pourrait ĂȘtre une zone d’admixture. Enfin, il n’y avait aucune Ă©vidence que la BĂ©ringie ou le Ice-free corridor aient Ă©tĂ© des zones refuges pour cette espĂšce. Dans le chapitre 3, nous avons Ă©valuĂ© les variations de diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique et de structure clonale du tremble en relation avec les diffĂ©rences de conditions de site (ariditĂ©, feux de forĂȘt, fragmentation). L’étude d’un rĂ©seau de 30 peuplements Ă  travers la forĂȘt borĂ©ale et la tremblaie-parc, nous a permis de montrer que le pourcentage de clones uniques et la diversitĂ© clonale Ă©levĂ©e sont probablement causĂ©s par : i) la reproduction Ă©pisodique par graine en plus du drageonnement dans le cas oĂč le peuplier Ă©tait dĂ©jĂ  prĂ©sent, et ii) une auto-Ă©claircie des ramets intra clone plus fort avec le temps Ă©coulĂ© depuis le dernier feux. Nous avons aussi montrĂ© que la fragmentation du paysage et des taux de brulage Ă©levĂ©s influencent nĂ©gativement les niveaux de diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique. La diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique et la structure clonale des peuplements de tremble au Canada semblent ĂȘtre plus similaires Ă  l’échelle continentale qu’on aurait pu le supposer avec aucun effet observĂ© du climat. Le tremble apparaĂźt comme Ă©tant une espĂšce gĂ©nĂ©raliste avec une grande capacitĂ© d’adaptation maintenant de fort niveau de diversitĂ© dans des environnements variĂ©s et hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes. Dans le chapitre 4, nous avons examinĂ© la contribution relative de la gĂ©nĂ©tique (c.-Ă -d. la diversitĂ© clonale, l’hĂ©tĂ©rozygotie observĂ©e) et de l’environnement (c.-Ă -d. insectes, climat) sur la croissance du peuplier (Ă©valuĂ©e par la corrĂ©lation moyenne de la croissance entre les arbres (RBAR), l’accroissement en surface terriĂšre des arbres (T BAI) et la variabilitĂ© interannuelle de croissance (MS)). Pour cela, nous avons Ă©chantillonnĂ© 440 arbres dans 22 peuplements naturels en forĂȘt borĂ©ale canadienne. La croissance annuelle de peuplements multi-clonaux Ă©tait moins homogĂšne que celle de peuplements monoclonaux. Le maintien de peuplements de peupliers diversifiĂ©s dans le paysage pourrait assurer d’avoir une grande variabilitĂ© de la rĂ©ponse de croissance face aux variations environnementales, qui au final pourrait permettre une plus forte rĂ©silience des tremblaies dans des conditions climatiques futures. Le tremble est une espĂšce qui livre petit Ă  petit ses secrets. Longtemps laissĂ© de cĂŽtĂ© et peu Ă©tudiĂ© en raison de sa facilitĂ© de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration et d’un intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©conomique moindre par rapport aux conifĂšres, son Ă©cologie et sa dynamique ne sont pas si simples. Cette thĂšse a contribuĂ© Ă  rĂ©vĂ©ler les bases de l’organisation et des dynamiques gĂ©nĂ©tiques chez cette espĂšce-clĂ©. Ainsi, cette Ă©tude apporte des informations sur l’histoire dĂ©mographique de cette espĂšce depuis la derniĂšre glaciation mais aussi sur les diffĂ©rences gĂ©nĂ©tiques observĂ©es Ă  travers la forĂȘt borĂ©ale et les liens avec la croissance. Dans le futur, il serait bon de dĂ©velopper et d’utiliser une approche gĂ©nomique et plus particuliĂšrement les SNPs afin de valoriser ce jeu de donnĂ©es riche de diversitĂ© et reprĂ©sentatif de l’ensemble de la forĂȘt borĂ©ale nord-amĂ©ricaine (du QuĂ©bec Ă  l’Alaska). Cela pourrait permettre de rĂ©pondre Ă  des questions telles que : i) y a-t-il des SNPs sous sĂ©lection dans certaines zones oĂč les changements environnementaux et le dĂ©pĂ©rissement sont dĂ©jĂ  forts (zone sud de la tremblaie-parc) ; ii) existe-t-il des gĂšnes d’adaptation propres Ă  des conditions environnementales dĂ©finies (conditions climatiques, rĂ©sistance aux insectes). D’un point de vue plus pratique, il pourrait ĂȘtre important de comprendre plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment : i) quels facteurs gouvernent l’apparition et la persistance d’individus triploĂŻdes (prĂ©sence de 3 copie du gĂ©nome) dans le paysage ; ii) qu’apporte la triploĂŻdie comme avantage pour le tremble (physiologie, compĂ©tition, croissance) ; iii) quel est le rĂŽle de la triploĂŻdie dans l’adaptation aux changements climatiques. Il y a donc encore de nombreux axes de recherche qui mĂ©riteraient d’ĂȘtre dĂ©veloppĂ©s et exploitĂ©s dans le futur

    Fine-scale assessment of genetic diversity of trembling aspen in northwestern North America

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    Background: In North America, the last ice age is the most recent event with severe consequences on boreal species’ ranges. Phylogeographic patterns of range expansion in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) suggested that Beringia is likely to be a refugium and the "ice-free corridor" in Alberta may represent a region where small populations persisted during the last glacial maximum (LGM). The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether the origins of trembling aspen in western North America are reflected in the patterns of neutral genetic diversity and population structure. A total of 28 sites were sampled covering the northwestern part of aspen’s distribution, from Saskatchewan to Alaska. Twelve microsatellite markers were used to describe patterns of genetic diversity. The genetic structure of trembling aspen populations was assessed by using multivariate analyses, Mantel correlograms, neighbor-joining trees and Bayesian analysis. Results: Microsatellite markers revealed little to no neutral genetic structure of P. tremuloides populations in northwestern North America. Low differentiation among populations and small isolation by distance (IBD) were observed. The most probable number of clusters detected by STRUCTURE was K = 3 (?K = 5.9). The individuals in the populations of the 3 clusters share a common gene pool and showed a high level of admixture. No evidence was found that either Beringia or the "ice-free corridor" were refugia. Highest allelic richness (AR) and lowest heterozygosity (Ho) were observed in Alberta foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Conclusions: Contrary to our hypothesis, our results showed that microsatellite markers revealed little to no genetic structure in P. tremuloides populations. Consequently, no divergent populations were observed near supposed refugia. The lack of detectable refugia in Beringia and in the "ice-free corridor" was due to high levels of gene flow between trembling apsen populations. More favorable environmental conditions for sexual reproduction and successful trembling aspen seedling establishment may have contributed to increase allelic richness through recombination in populations from the Albertan foothills of the Rocky Mountains

    Impacts of climate change in the marine environment.

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    Despite current scientific knowledge, climate remains a complicated issue and uncertainties remain. Against this background the debate on global warming is ongoing and a true consensus is still a long way off. This study was initiated to attempt to evaluate the impact of climate change on the geographical distributions of marine mammals and seabirds. The means for collecting data was the BT Global Challenge (2000-2001) which provided a unique opportunity to collect global marine data. This race involved sailing around the world east to west, against all prevailing winds and currents. Fifty-one indicator species were selected based on observations made in two previous races. Observations during the first leg from Southampton to Boston include the White-Beaked Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), Atlantic Spotted Dolphin (Stenella frontalis) and Short Snouted Spinner Dolphin (Stenella clymene). The geographic locations of these cetaceans are unusual but above average sea temperatures of 17ÂșC had been recorded. Similarly, observations of seabirds included the Dusky Shearwater (Puffinus obscurus) and Southern Giant Petrel (Macronectes giganteus) which were outside their usual geographic range. Once all results have been submitted, data will be compared with the previous races in 1992-1993 and 1996-1997. It is hoped that the comparisons will ultimately identify changes and trends in the geographical distributions of marine mammals and seabirds over the last decade

    Aspen_SSR_Data_Latutrie_et _al

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    This excel dataset is composed of 3 pages, one with the geographical coordinates of the sampled sites, and two pages with the data in the STRUCTURE and GenAlex formats

    Wild snapdragon plant pedigree sheds light on limited connectivity enhanced by higher migrant reproductive success in a fragmented landscape

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    Background: In contrast with historical knowledge, a recent view posits that a non-negligible proportion of populations thrive in a fragmented landscape. One underlying mechanism is the maintenance of functional connectivity, i.e., the net flow of individuals or their genes moving among suitable habitat patches. Alternatively, functional connectivity might be typically limited but enhanced by a higher reproductive success of migrants. Methods: We tested for this hypothesis in wild snapdragon plants inhabiting six patches separated by seawater in a fragmented Mediterranean scrubland landscape. We reconstructed their pedigree by using a parentage assignment method based on microsatellite genetic markers. We then estimated functional connectivity and the reproductive success of plants resulting from between-patch dispersal events. Results: We found that wild snapdragon plants thrived in this fragmented landscape, although functional connectivity between habitat patches was low (i.e. 2.9%). The progeny resulting from between-patch dispersal events had a higher reproductive success than residents. Conclusion: Our findings imply that low functional connectivity in a fragmented landscapes may have been enhanced by higher reproductive success after migration. This original mechanisms might be partly compensating the negative impact of fragmentation

    Assessing Global DNA Methylation Changes Associated with Plasticity in Seven Highly Inbred Lines of Snapdragon Plants (Antirrhinum majus)

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    International audienceGenetic and epigenetic variations are commonly known to underlie phenotypic plastic responses to environmental cues. however, the role of epigenetic variation in plastic responses harboring ecological significance in nature remains to be assessed. The shade avoidance response (SAR) of plants is one of the most prevalent examples of phenotypic plasticity. It is a phenotypic syndrome including stem elongation and multiple other traits. Its ecological significance is widely acknowledged, and it can be adaptive in the presence of competition for light. Underlying genes and pathways were identified, but evidence for its epigenetic basis remains scarce. We used a proven and accessible approach at the population level and compared global DNA methylation between plants exposed to regular light and three different magnitudes of shade in seven highlyinbred lines of snapdragon plants (Antirrhinum majus) grown in a greenhouse. Our results brought evidence of a strong SAR syndrome for which magnitude did not vary between lines. They also brought evidence that its magnitude was not associated with the global DNA methylation percentage for five of the six traits under study. The magnitude of stem elongation was significantly associated with global DNA demethylation. We discuss the limits of this approach and why caution must be taken with such results. In-depth approaches at the DNA sequence level will be necessary to better understand the molecular basis of the SAR syndrom

    Wild snapdragon plant pedigree sheds light on limited connectivity enhanced by higher migrant reproductive success in a fragmented landscape

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    Background: In contrast with historical knowledge, a recent view posits that a non-negligible proportion of populations might respond positively to habitat fragmentation. Populations might thrive in a fragmented landscape if functional connectivity, i.e., the net flow of individuals or their genes moving among suitable habitat patches, is not restricted. Alternatively, functional connectivity might be typically limited but enhanced by a higher reproductive success of migrants. Methods: We tested for this hypothesis in wild snapdragon plants inhabiting six patches separated by seawater in a fragmented Mediterranean scrubland landscape. We reconstructed their pedigree by using a parentage assignment method based on microsatellite genetic markers. We then estimated functional connectivity and the reproductive success of plants resulting from between-patch dispersal events. Results: We found that wild snapdragon plants thrived in this fragmented landscape, although functional connectivity between habitat patches was weak (i.e. 2.9%). The progeny resulting from between-patch dispersal events had a higher reproductive success than residents. Conclusion: Our findings expose a remarkable aspect of fragmented landscapes, where weak functional connectivity was enhanced by higher reproductive success after migration. This process might have the potential to compensate at least partly the negative impact of fragmentation
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