41 research outputs found
Standardni pravopis za nestandardni engleski?
In an etymological spelling such as English, in order to show dialectal features of a character\u27s speech writers use non-standard spelling (eye dialect) which has a long tradition in English literature. Dealing with eye dialect diachronically and synchronically, it is shown that dialect is not represented in a maximally accurate way, but approximated in varying degrees. Although variant spellings for different features can be observed throughout (inconsistencies occur inside one work and in the whole corpus), standardizing tendencies can be observed, which, together with the semantic and syntactic context, make eye dialect more intelligible for the average reader
TopoloÅ”ko strateÅ”ko konstruiranje znaÄenja: frazni glagoli s up i down u jeziku slijepih
The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of the particles upand downin the strategic
meaning construal of particle verbs (PVs) in blind and sighted users of English as
L2. The paper is situated within the cognitive linguistic framework. Based on the results
of a speakerājudgment study with 20 blind and 20 sighted users of English, we show that
PVs with downare more informative to all the participants, and that blind users rely
on the particles (particularly the particle up) more than sighted users. We claim that the
difference in informativeness is related to the experiential status of upand down. Downis
more informative because it is at human scale, which limits its metaphorization potential.
Upis more openāended, making it more schematic and allowing greater departure from
its original topology. Blind users rely on the particles more because they are more inclined
to analyzing linguistic cues, since they often serve as additional experiential input.
Moreover, the blind rely more on egocentric topology, which produces similar results for
down, and different for up.Cilj je ovoga rada istražiti ulogu up \u27gore\u27 i down\u27dolje\u27 u strateŔkome konstruiranju fraznih
glagola kod slijepih i videÄih govornika engleskoga kao drugoga jezika. Rad se oslanja na
teorijske postavke kognitivne lingvistike u kojoj su jezik i naŔe svakodnevno iskustvo neodvojivo
povezani. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 20 slijepih i 20 videÄih govornika engleskoga kao drugoga
jezika kojima je materinski jezik hrvatski. Ispitanici su rjeŔavali upitnik u kojemu su trebali
odrediti na koji naÄin sastavnice zajedno pridonose znaÄenju fraznoga glagola (primjerice, jedan
ispitanik kaže da glagol go down \u27biti poslan u zatvor\u27 ima smisla jer se down \u27dolje\u27 odnosi na
dno druŔtva). Rezultati pokazuju da je down\u27dolje\u27 informativniji svim ispitanicima. Nadalje,
slijepi ispitanici znaÄenje objaÅ”njavaju viÅ”e se oslanjajuÄi na sastavnice up i down, osobito na
up \u27gore\u27, a manje na glagol kao sastavnicu konstrukcije. Dva su temeljna zakljuÄka rada: prvo,
smatramo da je down\u27dolje\u27 opÄenito informativniji jer je bliži tzv. Ā»ljudskoj mjeriĀ« (Turner
2014), Å”to ograniÄava koliko ga je moguÄe metaforizirati, dok je up\u27gore\u27 shematiÄniji pa ima
i veÄi metaforiÄki potencijal, te drugo, da slijepi ispitanici u procesu konstruiranja znaÄenja daju
prioritet prostornim sastavnicama (u ovome sluÄaju up i down) jer su skloniji analiziranju jezika.
Navedena sklonost analizi proizlazi velikim dijelom iz Äinjenice da im jezik služi kao dodatan
naÄin stvaranja iskustvenih veza i znaÄajan izvor informacija o svijetu. Ipak, razlika izmeÄu
videÄih i slijepih ispitanika nije znaÄajna za down, Å”to tumaÄimo kao rezultat veÄe uloge iskustva vlastite
smjeŔtenosti u prostoru
Vocabulary, Culture, Cognition
Danica Å kara, Vocabulary, Culture, Cognition. Zadar: SveuÄiliÅ”te u Zadru, 2005
Conceptual metaphor in cognitive linguistics: a review
Kognitivna se lingvistika bavi konceptualnom metaforom joÅ” od prvotnog modela Lakoffa i
Johnsona iz 1980. godine. Premda je konceptualna metafora prihvaÄena kao jedan od kljuÄnih dijelova kognitivnolingvistiÄke teorije, postoje razliÄiti teorijski prijepori vezani uz motivaciju
konceptualnih metafora, njihovu kulturnu odreÄenost, konvencionaliziranost te pitanje
je li rijeÄ o ustaljenoj strukturi znanja ili procesu. Cilj je ovog rada dati pregled temeljnih
pojmova, ujedinivÅ”i ih u model koji preuzima najbolje dijelove razliÄitih pristupa i omoguÄuje temelj za jasnu operacionalizaciju. Rad se bavi dvama temeljnim pitanjima: dinamiÄnoÅ”Äu odnosno statiÄnoÅ”Äu konceptualne metafore i njezinim ograniÄenjima. U radu se zagovara
integrirani pristup konceptualnoj metafori, koji uz dinamiÄni pogled na metaforu kao
na kognitivnu sposobnost povezivanja dviju domena u stvarnom vremenu ne iskljuÄuje ustaljenost
pojedinih veza, Å”to omoguÄuje konceptualnu i tekstualnu analizu. Dvostrukost metafora
oÄituje se i u njihovoj motivaciji te se u radu umjesto odjeljivanja kulturne motivacije i
utjelovljenja izlaže pristup u kojem je konceptualna metafora podjednako usaÄena u kulturna
i utjelovljena iskustva sadržana u srediŔnjim znanjima. SrediŔnja su znanja metonimijsko
naÄelo motivacije konceptualnih metafora, a vrijede za neku zajednicu. Doseg onoga Å”to je
zajedniÄko ograniÄen je moguÄim bioloÅ”kim univerzalijama i zajedniÄkim kulturnim elementima,
Å”to se prirodno odražava i na detaljnost konceptualnih metafora (shematiÄnije konceptualne
metafore javljaju se u viŔe kulturnih zajednica nego detaljne). Naposljetku, integracija
dvostrukosti konceptualnih metafora oÄituje se i u pristupu njihovoj analizi, gdje se zagovara
kombinacija konceptualne integracije (koja je pogodna za inovativne metafore i njihovo
modeliranje u stvarnom vremenu) i Ā»tradicionalneĀ« konceptualne analize (koja je pogodna
za konvencionalizirane konceptualne metafore).Although conceptual metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson 1980) is undoubtedly one of the fundamental
segments in various cognitive linguistic theories, there are still many disputes concerning its
motivation, cultural specificity, and processing. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of key
theoretical issues, unifying them into a coherent model which may be used as the basis for operationalization.
The paper deals with two major problems: the motivation of conceptual metaphors
and their dynamicity. We present an integrated approach to conceptual metaphor. On the one
hand, we recognize the dynamicity of metaphor as a cognitive mechanism of connecting two domains
of knowledge in real time. On the other hand, we do not exclude the conventionality of
certain connections, thus enabling a general conceptual and textual analysis. The duality of metaphor
is also reflected in their motivation. Rather than separating cultural motivation and embodiment,
we argue for an approach in which conceptual metaphor is seen as equally grounded in
cultural and embodied experiences which are part of central knowledge. Central knowledge is a
metonymical principle motivating conceptual metaphors within a certain community. Central knowledge
is construed by and dependent on the cultural community, constraining the scope of what
may be seen as culturallyāuniversal or culturallyāspecific. Common embodied and cultural experiences
motivate the creation of similar metaphors, and divergent experiences (or different interpretations
of the same experience) cause variation. In the object vs. process debate we advocate
the middle way. On the one hand, we recognize the dynamicity of conceptual metaphors as a construal
process in real time, analyzable in terms of conceptual integration. On the other hand, we
do not reject the possible conventionality of some connections, recognizing the analytical convenience
of conceptual metaphors as static entities in conceptual and textual analysis
Vocabulary, Culture, Cognition
Danica Å kara, Vocabulary, Culture, Cognition. Zadar: SveuÄiliÅ”te u Zadru, 2005
Ljiljana Å ariÄ: Spatial Concepts in Slavic. A Cognitive Linguistics Study of Prepositions and Cases
Prikaz knjig
METAPHOR AT THE INTERSECTION OF CONCEPTS, LANGUAGE AND DISCOURSE
U ovom se radu izlaže ātreÄi putā u Äesto suprotnim shvaÄanjima metafora kao konceptualne odnosno diskursne pojave. Metafora se sagledava kao sposobnost metaforizacije koja je zajedniÄka i globalna, ali koja na presudan naÄin ovisi o lokalnim faktorima. IstiÄu se jeziÄni Äimbenici koji utjeÄu na metafore: eksplicitnost odnosno implicitnost, razliÄita metaforiÄnost razliÄitih gramatiÄkih oblika i leksiÄke znaÄajke izraza koji se odnose na izvornu domenu. Na diskursnoj razini govori se o grozdovima metafora i ulozi metafora u stvaranju emocionalnog stila. Navedeni se elementi smjeÅ”taju meÄu suvremene teorije metafore, posebice trodimenzionalnu teoriju metafore Gerarda Steena i Kƶvecsesev kontekstualni model metafore. Na kraju se izvlaÄe metodoloÅ”ke posljedice opisanog ātreÄeg putaā za istraživanje metafora.This paper presents āa third wayā between seeing metaphor as a conceptual or a discursive phenomenon. Metaphor is presented as the ability to metaphorize which is common and global, but which depends on local factors in a significant way. The following linguistic factors which have an impact on metaphor are mentioned: explicitness or implicitness of metaphors, different metaphoricity of different grammatical forms and lexical characteristics of source-domain expressions. On the level of discourse, metaphorical clusters and the role of metaphor in the creation of emotional styles are dealt with. The presented views are situated among contemporary theories of metaphor, especially the three-dimensional metaphor theory presented by Gerard Steen, and Kƶvecsesās contextual model. The paper ends with an overview of methodological consequences of the presented viewpoint for the research of metaphor
CONSTRUCTIONAL APPROACH AS THE BASIS FOR TEACHING CROATIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE: TOWARDS A CONSTRUCTICON
U konstrukcijskim pristupima jeziku, npr. kognitivnoj gramatici, kljuÄnu ulogu igraju konstrukcije. Konstrukcije su obrasci koji svojim oblikom ili znaÄenjem nisu predvidljivi na temelju sastavnica, a mogu imati sasvim ili djelomice odreÄen leksiÄki i gramatiÄki sastav (npr. tko bi (ga/to) znao, (ali) malo (viÅ”e) [IMENICE] [KOMU] ne bi Å”kodilo[.]). ZnaÄenje konstrukcija u kognitivnoj se lingvistici shvaÄa Å”iroko i obuhvaÄa semantiÄke i pragmatiÄke elemente. Konstrukcijski se pristup prirodno veže uz uÄenje i pouÄavanje inih jezika jer za uspjeÅ”nu komunikaciju na inom jeziku uÄenici moraju razumjeti strukturne, znaÄenjske i komunikacijske karakteristike konstrukcija. U ovom radu raspravljam o rjeÄniku konstrukcija (engl. constructicon) kao resursu za pouÄavanje inog jezika. Pokazujem da rjeÄnik konstrukcija spaja elemente lingvistiÄkog opisa, pedagoÅ”ke gramatike i leksikografskog opisa za inojeziÄne govornike. Temeljno je pitanje pri njegovoj izradi kako postiÄi ravnotežu tih elemenata. U radu iznosim prijedlog pet naÄela koja to omoguÄuju: realistiÄnost opisa bez suviÅ”nih detalja, ustroj u skladu s potrebama korisnika, navoÄenje znaÄenjskih i komunikacijskih informacija, koriÅ”tenje informativnih konstrukcijskih shema i semantiÄkih uloga te upuÄivanje na obitelji konstrukcija. Ta se naÄela ilustriraju primjerima natuknica za sedam konstrukcija dobivenih na temelju korpusnog istraživanja, Å”to je ujedno i prilog nekom buduÄem rjeÄniku hrvatskoga za inojeziÄne govornike.In constructional approaches to language such as cognitive grammar, constructions play a key role. Constructions are patterns whose meaning and/or structure cannot be predicted based on their components, and they may have a completely or partially determined lexical or grammatical structure (e.g. Whatās X doing Y?). In cognitive linguistics meaning (of constructions) is seen broadly and includes both semantic and pragmatic elements. Constructional approaches form a natural link with foreign language teaching and learning, because for successful communication in a foreign language, learners need to understand structural, semantic, and communicative characteristics of various constructions. This paper deals with the constructicon as a resource in foreign language instruction. I claim that a constructicon should combine elements of linguistic descriptions, pedagogical grammar and lexicographic practices aimed at foreign language learners. The main issue is how to strike the right balance between these elements. The paper discusses five principles that enable this: balance between realistic descriptions and not too much detail, structure geared towards user needs, including semantic and pragmatic information, providing informative constructional schemas and information of semantic roles, and referring to families of constructions. Based on a corpus study of seven Croatian constructions, I illustrate the principles by constructing possible entries for a future constructicon aimed at learners of Croatian as a foreign language