Resource requirements to fight HIV/AIDS in Latin America and the Caribbean.

OBJECTIVES: Economists and epidemiologists from 10 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) reviewed the methods used to develop estimates for resource requirements to address HIV/AIDS prevention and care in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: They applied their country-specific knowledge to re-estimate the costs, coverage, and capacity of their health and education systems to expand HIV/AIDS interventions by 2005. A discrepancy of 173 million US dollars exists between the model estimates and those of country specialists. RESULTS: The most important difference between the model estimates and those of country specialists was in the estimated future price of highly active antiretroviral therapy. To a large extent, the estimates of the model reflect the efficiency gains that could result from purchasing arrangements that lead LAC countries to lower prices for antiretroviral drugs. CONCLUSION: This preliminary exercise with 10 LAC countries confirmed the validity of the use of these estimates as tools at the international level, given current data limitations, both to guide the allocation of resources across diseases and countries, and for advocacy and resource mobilization. In addition, with the country revisions, these estimates have also been shown to be key tools for country-level strategic planning

Stigma, discrimination, and HIV/AIDS knowledge among physicians in Barbados Estigma, discriminación y conocimientos sobre el VIH/sida entre los médicos en Barbados

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of clinical knowledge of HIV/AIDS that physicians in Barbados have and their attitudes towards persons living with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: In 2000 the Barbados Association of Medical Practitioners conducted a survey in order to assess its members' views on HIV/AIDS issues. Over a two-month period 203 physicians (76% of all those practicing in the country) were interviewed. The survey included physicians working in private practice and the public sector. They were surveyed individually concerning their attitudes towards counseling as well as their clinical knowledge, perception of safe practices, fear of occupational exposure, views on ethical issues, experience treating HIV/AIDS patients, and background with HIV/AIDS continuing education. RESULTS: In comparison to physicians who had graduated in later years, physicians who had graduated in 1984 or earlier had seen fewer HIV/AIDS clients, had lower levels of knowledge about the disease, were more likely to test for HIV/AIDS without informed consent, and were less likely to have ever attended a continuing education training course on HIV/AIDS. Overall, knowledge of the clinical indications of HIV/AIDS was low, and 76% of the physicians did not think they had adequate counseling skills. Over 80% of the physicians were comfortable looking after HIV/AIDS patients. While 95% of the physicians would not release HIV test results without a patient's consent, 33% would test, without consent, a seriously ill patient, and 15% would test without consent a patient upon whom they had to perform an invasive procedure if they perceived the patient to be from a high-risk population such as gay men or commercial sex workers. Only 53% of the physicians had attended an HIV/AIDS in-service training program between 1995 and 1999. CONCLUSION: Physician training in Barbados should focus on all aspects of HIV/AIDS care, including clinical and emotional factors. Attendance at such training should be mandatory for public sector physicians, and medical school curricula need to be examined to ensure their HIV/AIDS content is current and comprehensive.OBJETIVOS: Dilucidar el alcance de los conocimientos prácticos que tienen los médicos de Barbados sobre el VIH y el sida y su actitud hacia las personas que padecen la enfermedad. MÉTODOS: En el año 2000 la Asociación de Médicos Generales de Barbados llevó a cabo una encuesta para evaluar las opiniones de los socios en torno a asuntos relacionados con el VIH y el sida. Durante un período de dos meses se entrevistó a 203 médicos (76% de los que ejercen en el país). En la encuesta se incluyeron tanto médicos del sector público como de consultorios privados. Las entrevistas fueron individuales y versaron sobre sus actitudes hacia la orientación de los pacientes, conocimientos prácticos, nociones de prácticas inocuas, temor de exponerse al contagio, modo de ver las cuestiones éticas, experiencia con el tratamiento de pacientes con VIH o sida y formación médica continua en el campo de VIH/sida. RESULTADOS: Comparados con los médicos egresados más tarde, los graduados en 1984 o antes habían tratado a menos pacientes con infección por VIH o sida, tenían menos conocimientos de la enfermedad, se inclinaban más a administrar la prueba diagnóstica sin el consentimiento válido del paciente y era menos probable que hubieran asistido a algún curso de formación continua sobre el VIH y el sida. En general, tenían poco conocimiento del tratamiento indicado y 76% no se consideraban capacitados adecuadamente para orientar a los pacientes. Más de 80% dijeron que se sentían bastante seguros atendiendo a pacientes con infección por VIH o sida. De los encuestados, 95% declararon que no entregarían los resultados diagnósticos a terceros sin el consentimiento del paciente, mientras que 33% dijeron que administrarían la prueba detectora sin consentimiento a un paciente grave y 15%, que lo harían si tuvieran que realizar una intervención invasora a un paciente de una población de alto riesgo, como las de homosexuales y trabajadores de la industria sexual. Solo 53% de los médicos habían participado en programas de adiestramiento en el servicio entre 1995 y 1999. CONCLUSIONES: Es preciso que la formación médica en Barbados comprenda la atención de pacientes con infección por VIH o sida, incluidos todos los aspectos, tanto clínicos como afectivos. Para los médicos del sector público debe ser obligatorio asistir a ese tipo de adiestramiento; además, es necesario examinar los planes de estudio de las escuelas de medicina para cerciorarse de que sean completos y actualizados

Inclusão social e desenvolvimento econômico na América Latina

América Latina e o Caribe são uma das regiões com maior diversidade étnica, racial e cultural do mundo. Essa diversidade representa um ativo importante e constitui um elemento-chave para alcançar uma estabilidade econômica e política duradoura e para construir uma sociedade justa, coesa e democrática. A região deve, porém, superar uma longa e conflitante história de práticas de exclusão que levou a sociedades divididas e desiguais, impedindo a concretização da riqueza representada pela diversidade. Esta coleção de artigos é resultado de um esforço do Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento para contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma região que valoriza suas culturas indígenas, reconhece suas diferentes raízes étnicas, promove o papel de liderança da mulher e dá voz às pessoas portadoras de deficiências e com HIV/aids. Faz parte de uma iniciativa do Banco de apoiar os países da região na construção de sociedades socialmente mais inclusivas e mais coesas. A região deve enfrentar os desafios desse ideal, o qual não apenas representa uma promessa de crescimento e desenvolvimento, mas também um imperativo ético irrefutável.

Los objetivos de desarrollo del milenio en América Latina y el Caribe: Retos, acciones y compromisos

Los documentos que se presentan en este volumen incluyen elementos que podrían servir de base para adaptar los objetivos de desarrollo del milenio a las características específicas de la región. Incluyen también un diagnóstico de avance, sugerencias sobre las prioridades de inversión y una agenda de reformas para lograr dichos objetivos y presentan un conjunto de instrumentos que el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo ha utilizado y puede utilizar en el futuro para apoyar a los países en sus esfuerzos dirigidos a esos objetivos