7,392 research outputs found
Is income becoming more polarized Italy? A closer look with a distributional approach
During the 1990âs and the early 2000âs income inequality in Italy shows levels higher than many other OECD countries, not displaying any significant trend, upward or downward. This evidence relies essentially on summary measures of inequality, which may not capture aspects of the whole income probability density, such as multi-modalities and polarization. This paper applies a non-parametric tool, the ârelative distributionâ, to describe patterns of changes on the entire Italian household income distribution over the period 1989â2006. Furthermore, this approach also allows us to decompose the relative density into changes in location and changes in shape, in order to emphasize whether income distribution becomes more polarized or exhibits patterns of convergence toward middle income classes. A similar decomposition enables us to analyze the impact of selected covariates on income distribution. During the period Italy experienced a significant increase of household income polarization, which has particularly affected incomes below the median. In addition, this relative polarization is mainly correlated to changes in the returns to household-head occupational status.Income distribution, Relative Distribution, Polarization
Histochemical data on the skin mucous cells during the development of the trout [Translation from: Bollettino della Societa Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale 45, 1273-1276, 1969]
In the skin of Salmo irideus the production of mucus is due to one type of cell specialized as a mucus cell. The histochemical research presented in this paper describes the mucous cells of Salmo irideus and demonstrates observable variation in such cells during the fish's development
Multiplication and division of the orbital angular momentum of light with diffractive transformation optics
We present a method to efficiently multiply or divide the orbital angular
momentum (OAM) of light beams using a sequence of two optical elements. The
key-element is represented by an optical transformation mapping the azimuthal
phase gradient of the input OAM beam onto a circular sector. By combining
multiple circular-sector transformations into a single optical element, it is
possible to perform the multiplication of the value of the input OAM state by
splitting and mapping the phase onto complementary circular sectors.
Conversely, by combining multiple inverse transformations, the division of the
initial OAM value is achievable, by mapping distinct complementary circular
sectors of the input beam into an equal number of circular phase gradients. The
optical elements have been fabricated in the form of phase-only diffractive
optics with high-resolution electron-beam lithography. Optical tests confirm
the capability of the multiplier optics to perform integer multiplication of
the input OAM, while the designed dividers are demonstrated to correctly split
up the input beam into a complementary set of OAM beams. These elements can
find applications for the multiplicative generation of higher-order OAM modes,
optical information processing based on OAM-beams transmission, and optical
routing/switching in telecom.Comment: 28 pages, 10 figure
An approach to model interest for planetary rover through Dezert-Smarandache Theory
In this paper we propose an approach for assigning an interest level to the goals of a planetary rover. Assigning an interest level to goals, allows the rover to autonomously transform and reallocate the goals. The interest level is defined by data-fusing payload and navigation information. The fusion yields an "interest map", that quantifies the level of interest of each area around the rover. In this way, the planner can choose the most interesting scientific objectives to be analyzed, with limited human intervention, and reallocates its goals autonomously. The Dezert-Smarandache Theory of Plausible and Paradoxical Reasoning was used for information fusion: this theory allows dealing with vague and conflicting data. In particular, it allows us to directly model the behaviour of the scientists that have to evaluate the relevance of a particular set of goals. The paper shows an application of the proposed approach to the generation of a reliable interest map
The drivers of happiness inequality: Suggestions for promoting social cohesion
The goal of this paper is to identify and quantify the contribution of a set of covariates in affecting levels and over time changes of happiness inequality. We make use of a recent methodology that allows decomposing the overall change in happiness inequality into composition and coefficient effects of each covariate. We focus on the increase in happiness inequality observed in Germany between 1991 and 2007 in the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) database, deriving the following findings. First, trends in happiness inequality are mainly driven by composition effects, while coefficient effects are negligible. Second, among composition effects, education has an inequality-reducing impact, while changes in labour market conditions and demographic composition contribute to explain the rise in happiness inequality. Third, the increase in income inequality cannot be considered as a driver of the increase in happiness inequality. A clear cut policy implication of our paper is that policies enhancing education and labour market performance are crucial to reduce happiness inequality and the potential social tensions arising from it.happiness inequality, income inequality, education, decomposition methods
Why has happiness inequality increased? Suggestions for promoting social cohesion
The paper focuses on happiness inequality, an issue rather neglected in the literature. We analyze the increase in happiness inequality observed in Germany between 1991 and 2007 by means of the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) database. We make use of a recent methodology that allows decomposing the change in happiness inequality into the composition and the coefficient effect for each covariate. We find that the increase in happiness inequality is mainly driven by changes in the composition of covariates, while coefficient effect is negligible, i.e., returns from happiness âfundamentalsâ are stable over time. Among composition effect, the rise in happiness inequality is explained âamong others- by labour market conditions. Furthermore, the increase in education levels has an inequality-reducing impact on happiness. One clear cut policy implication of our paper is that policies enhancing education and labour market performance are crucial to reduce happiness inequality and the potential social tensions arising from it.happiness inequality, education, income inequality, labour market performance.
Does regional cost-of-living reshuffle Italian income distribution?
This paper examines how spatial price differentials affect income distribution in Italy. The distribution of household income is âreshuffledâ after controlling for the purchasing power of households residents in different regions, but only when housing price variations are included in the PPP index. Poor households living in Southern Italy alleviate their relative condition, but concentration of poverty still holds in the Southern part of the country.Income distribution, inequality, regional purchasing power parity, Italy.
La natura del partito politico e gli interventi pubblicistici
evoluzione del partito politico moderno in Italia e la discussione dottrinaria in riferimento alla sfera pubblica dello stato.evolution of modern political party in Italy and the doctrinal discussion in reference to the public sphere of the state
Radar di Scoperta di Superficie RAN 30X
La finalitĂ del presente lavoro Ăš quella di fornire una panoramica sul funzionamento dei radar di scoperta di superficie attualmente in esercizio, e si Ăš preso come esempio il RAN 30X, radar prodotto da AMS ed impiegato a bordo delle UnitĂ della Marina Militare. Il RAN possiede tutte le caratteristiche che si Ăš ritenuto di maggior rilievo citare nella descrizione di un sistema di ultima generazione e tra queste Ăš stata dedicata un'attenzione particolare alle funzioni di elaborazione digitale del segnale, dalla conversione A/D su portante alle logiche di estrazione di plot ed alla tecniche di imaging Range-Profile ed ISAR. Al fine di rendere il lavoro piĂč completo si Ăš ritenuto necessario aggiungere, in appendice, una descrizione dei principi fisici di funzionamento dei piĂč comuni amplificatori per radar, un accenno alle prospettive rese disponibili dalla tecnologia attuale nei metodi di amplificazione ed una breve descrizione del filtraggio alfa/beta, logica molto diffusa negli algoritmi di tracking
Total angular momentum sorting in the telecom infrared with silicon Pancharatnam-Berry transformation optics
Parallel sorting of orbital angular momentum (OAM) and polarization has
recently acquired paramount importance and interest in a wide range of fields
ranging from telecommunications to high-dimensional quantum cryptography. Due
to their inherently polarization-sensitive optical response, optical elements
acting on the geometric phase prove to be useful for processing structured
light beams with orthogonal polarization states by means of a single optical
platform. In this work, we present the design, fabrication and test of a
Pancharatnam-Berry optical element in silicon implementing a log-pol optical
transformation at 1310 nm for the realization of an OAM sorter based on the
conformal mapping between angular and linear momentum states. The metasurface
is realized in the form of continuously-variant subwavelength gratings,
providing high-resolution in the definition of the phase pattern. A hybrid
device is fabricated assembling the metasurface for the geometric phase control
with multi-level diffractive optics for the polarization-independent
manipulation of the dynamic phase. The optical characterization confirms the
capability to sort orbital angular momentum and circular polarization at the
same time.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figure
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