Bis(2,6-diamino­pyridinium) bis­(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl­ato)zincate(II) monohydrate

In the title hydrated mol­ecular salt, (C5H8N3)2[Zn(C7H3NO4)2]·H2O, the ZnII atom is coordinated by two O,N,O′-tridentate pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl­ate dianions, generating a slightly distorted trans-ZnN2O4 octa­hedral coordination geometry for the metal ion. In the crystal, a network of O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the cations, anions and water mol­ecules results in a three-dimensional network

Optimization of producing oil and meal from canola seeds using microwave − pulsed electric field pretreatment

In this study, optimization of the extraction of canola seeds oil was investigated using microwave-pulsed electric field seeds pretreatment (MW-PEF) with different MW times (0 to 200 s) and PEF intensities (0 to 5 kV/cm). The seeds oil was then extracted using screw press with different speeds (11 to 57 rpm). Oil extraction efficiency, refractive index, peroxide and phenolic compounds of oil and meal protein were measured. Tocopherols content of the best sample was also measured. The results showed that the peroxide and phenolic compounds increased at higher time, intensity and speed. An increase in the MW time and PEF intensity at first led to an increase in the oil extraction efficiency and meal protein but then both parameters decreased. The efficiency of oil extraction and protein decreased at higher speeds. The refractive index of all samples was 1.475. Gamma tocopherol was predominate one in canola oil and applying the pretreatment led to an increase in the number of total tocopherols. Treating at 1.28 kV/cm for 140.5 s and 28.71 rpm was chosen as the optimum condition with high desirability (0.744)

Novel coupling reactions of phytochemicals with sulfa drugs and their applications in the determination of nitrite at trace level in environmental samples

Twelve spectrophotometric methods based on new reactions for the determination of trace amounts of nitrite in environmental samples were developed. Replacement of toxic reagents was explored to attain the standards of clean chemistry. These methods utilize two classes of compounds namely; phytochemicals and sulfonamides, in the presence of limited amounts of sodium hydroxide. The methods were based on the oxidation of sulfanilamide (SAA), sulfadoxine (SDX), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) or sulfadiazine (SDZ) by nitrite in sodium hydroxide medium and coupling with cardol, cardanol or anacardic acid which yielded yellow, orange and orange red color derivatives having an absorbance maximum in the range 430, 460 and 470nm, respectively. The colors developed were stable for about 3h. Beer’s law was obeyed for nitrite in the concentration range 0.08–0.90, 0.16–1.04, 0.08–0.80 and 0.08–0.80μgml−1 for cardol; 0.80–4.40, 1.60–5.72, 0.52–5.20 and 0.80–4.40μgml−1 for cardanol and 0.80–5.70, 1.04–6.20, 1.30–5.20 and 0.80–4.00μgml−1 for anacardic acid, respectively. The reaction conditions and other important analytical parameters were optimized to enhance the sensitivity of the methods. Interference if any, by non-target ions was also investigated. The methods were applied determining nitrite in environmental samples. The performances of these methods were evaluated in terms of Student’s t-test and variance ratio F-test to find out the significance of the proposed methods over the reference spectrophotometric method

Role of L-arginine/NO/cGMP/KATP channel signaling pathway in the central and peripheral antinociceptive effect of thymoquinone in rats

Objective(s): Growing evidence demonstrates that L-arginine/NO/cGMP/KATP channel pathway has a modulatory role in pain perception. Previous studies have shown that thymoquinone exerts antinociceptive effects; however, the mechanisms underlying antinociception induced by thymoquinone have not been fully clarified. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of L-arginine/NO/cGMP/KATP channel pathway in the central and peripheral antinociceptive effect of thymoquinone in rats.Materials and Methods: Rats were pretreated intraplantarly (IPL) or intracerebroventricularly (ICV) with L-arginine (the NO precursor), l-NAME (an NO synthase inhibitor), SNAP (an NO donor), methylene blue (a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor), glibenclamide (the blocker of KATP channel), and tetraethylammonium (TEA, a Kv channel blocker) before the injection of thymoquinone. Results: Local ipsilateral (20 and 40 μg, IPL) but not contralateral and ICV (4 and 8 μg) administration of thymoquinone caused a dose-dependent and significant antinociception in both early and late phases of the formalin test. Pretreatment of rats with L-arginine (100 μg, IPL or ICV) and SNAP (200 μg, IPL or ICV) increased while l-NAME (100 μg, IPL or 1 μg, ICV) and methylene blue (400 μg, IPL or ICV) decreased the antinociceptive effects of thymoquinone in the formalin test. The administration of TEA (IPL or ICV) did not modify but glibenclamide (50 μg, IPL or ICV) significantly abolished the peripheral and central antinociceptive effects of thymoquinone in both phases of the formalin test. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that L-arginine/NO/cGMP/KATP channel pathway participates in the central and peripheral antinociceptive effect of thymoquinone

Broadening the phenotype and genotype spectrum of novel mutations in pontocerebellar hypoplasia with a comprehensive molecular literature review

Abstract Background Pontocerebellar hypoplasia is an umbrella term describing a heterogeneous group of prenatal neurodegenerative disorders mostly affecting the pons and cerebellum, with 17 types associated with 25 genes. However, some types of PCH lack sufficient information, which highlights the importance of investigating and introducing more cases to further elucidate the clinical, radiological, and biochemical features of these disorders. The aim of this study is to provide an in-depth review of PCH and to identify disease genes and their inheritance patterns in 12 distinct Iranian families with clinically confirmed PCH. Methods Cases included in this study were selected based on their phenotypic and genetic information available at the Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was used to discover the underlying genetic etiology of participants' problems, and Sanger sequencing was utilized to confirm any suspected alterations. We also conducted a comprehensive molecular literature review to outline the genetic features of the various subtypes of PCH. Results This study classified and described the underlying etiology of PCH into three categories based on the genes involved. Twelve patients also were included, eleven of whom were from consanguineous parents. Ten different variations in 8 genes were found, all of which related to different types of PCH. Six novel variations were reported, including SEPSECS, TSEN2, TSEN54, AMPD2, TOE1, and CLP1. Almost all patients presented with developmental delay, hypotonia, seizure, and microcephaly being common features. Strabismus and elevation in lactate levels in MR spectroscopy were novel phenotypes for the first time in PCH types 7 and 9. Conclusions This study merges previously documented phenotypes and genotypes with unique novel ones. Due to the diversity in PCH, we provided guidance for detecting and diagnosing these heterogeneous groups of disorders. Moreover, since certain critical conditions, such as spinal muscular atrophy, can be a differential diagnosis, providing cases with novel variations and clinical findings could further expand the genetic and clinical spectrum of these diseases and help in better diagnosis. Therefore, six novel genetic variants and novel clinical and paraclinical findings have been reported for the first time. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for PCH

Additional file 1 of Broadening the phenotype and genotype spectrum of novel mutations in pontocerebellar hypoplasia with a comprehensive molecular literature review

Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure 1. Flowchart of included cases in this study. Supplementary Figure 2. Variant filtering and pathogenicity evaluation algorithm. Supplementary Figure 3. Pedigree of included cases in this study. Pedigree a-k are cases 1-12, respectively. The proband is shown by an arrow in each pedigree. Circle and squares represent female and male, respectively. People with same color in each pedigree have same clinical manifestations. Supplementary Figure 4. The structure of protein [1] included in this study and the position of mutated amino acid. a) Structure of human nuclear RNA exosome (PDB: 6H25) [2]. EXOS3 is shown by an arrow and the position of Asp132 which is substituted with Ala in case 1 and 2 b) Structure human tRNA Splicing Endonuclease (TSEN) Complex (PDB: 7UXA) [3]. TSEN2 and TSEN54 are shown by arrows c) Structure of human holo SepSecS (PDB: 7L1T) [4] and the position of Cys70 and His425 which are substituted with Arg in case 4 and 5 d) Structure of AMP deaminase 2 (PDB: 8HUB)[5] and the position of Arg 620 which is substituted with Ser in case 8 e) Structure of CLP1(Swiss model: Q92989) [6] and the position of Leu262 which is substituted with Val in case 9 and Arg140 which is substituted with His in case 10 and 11 f) Structure of TBC1D23 N terminal domain (PDB: 6JL7) [7] and the position of Met 153 which is substituted with Thr in case 12