Preparation of antimicrobial composite from Arabic gum-grafted-poly(p-phenylene diamine)/MOF(Fe) decorated with Cu nanoparticles as a unique nanobiosorbent for removal of cloxacillin antibiotic

The growth of the world population has led to an increase in the demand for fresh water. Water pollution is often caused by hasty urbanization without proper management of hazardous waste. Therefore, it is vital to implement new methods to remove pollutants from water. In the current study, an antimicrobial nanocomposite adsorbent composed of Arabic gum-grafted-poly(para phenylene diamine) (AG-g-PpPA) decorated with metal-organic framework and copper nanoparticles (AG-g-PpPA@MOF(Fe)/Cu) was synthesized via in-situ copolymerization. The nanocomposite was utilized for eliminating the antibiotic cloxacillin from water solutions. The effects of different factors were analyzed, including pH, the quantity of adsorbent, contact time, and preliminary cloxacillin concentrations. Ideal parameters were pH 7, 5 mg adsorbent dosage, 10 min contact time, and an initial 500 mg/L cloxacillin concentration. The adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm equation, with a maximum adsorption ability of 400 mg/g. The kinetics information appropriately fits a pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic calculation showed the adsorption occurred spontaneously. The nanocomposite also displayed antibacterial action in contradiction to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, the adsorbent could be recovered and reused effectively. The excellent adsorption ability highlights the potential of AG-g-PpPA@MOF(Fe)/Cu adsorbent for eliminating pharmaceutical pollutants from wastewater

Establishment of a novel triage system for SARS-CoV-2 among trauma victims in trauma centers with limited facilities

Objectives The triage of trauma patients with potential COVID-19 remains a major challenge given that a significant number of patients may be asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic. This study aimed to compare the specificity and sensitivity of available triage systems for COVID-19 among trauma patients. Furthermore, it aimed to develop a novel triage system for SARS-CoV-2 detection among trauma patients in centers with limited resources.Methods All patients referred to our center from February to May 2020 were enrolled in this prospective study. We evaluated the SARS-CoV-2 triage protocols from the WHO, the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME), and the European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC) for their effectiveness in finding COVID-19 infected individuals among trauma patients. We then used these data to design a stepwise triage protocol to detect COVID-19 positive patients among trauma patients.Results According to our findings, the WHO protocol showed 100% specificity and 13.3% sensitivity. The MOHME protocol had 99% specificity and 23.3% sensitivity. While the ECDC protocol showed 93.3% sensitivity and 89.5% specificity, it did not prioritize patients based on traumatic injuries and unstable conditions. Our stepwise triage protocol, which prioritizes traumatic injuries, had 93.3% sensitivity and 90.3% specificity.Conclusion Our study shows that the triage protocols from the WHO, MOHME and ECDC are not best equipped to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals among trauma patients. In our proposed stepwise triage system, patients are triaged according to their hemodynamic conditions, COVID-19 related clinical states, and COVID-19 related laboratory findings. Our triage model can lead to more accurate and resource-effective management of trauma patients with potential COVID-19 infection.Level of evidence Level Ⅲ