Россия и Казахстан: диапазон и динамика отношений в условиях возрастания взаимозависимости национальных экономик

The article reveals the changing role of Russia in Kazakhstan's economy, identifies its position in trade, investment and humanitarian assistance to the country. The economic potential of Kazakhstan is described, the sectors of the economy most attractive to foreign investors are presented. The main countries seeking to increase their presence in Kazakhstan are identified, their place and role in trade and direct investment in Kazakhstan are compared. The separation of spheres of influence in the country is revealed. It is noted that the EU countries are the leading trade partners of Kazakhstan, but the largest imports to the country come from Russia, in the first place in investments are the Netherlands, then the United States. The most active humanitarian aid to Kazakhstan is provided by China, which pursues an active social policy. The article also analyzes the dynamics of changes in the role of Russia, it is revealed that the country is gradually losing its degree of influence in Kazakhstan, however, at the moment it still remains its main strategic partner.В статье выявлено изменение роли России в Казахстане, идентифицированы ее позиции в торговле, инвестициях и гуманитарной помощи стране. Описан экономический потенциал Казахстана, приведены наиболее привлекательные для иностранных инвесторов отрасли экономики. Определены основные страны, стремящиеся увеличить свое присутствие в Казахстане, проведено сравнение их места и роли в торговле и прямых инвестициях в Казахстан. Изучено разделение сфер влияния в стране. Отмечено, что по торговому обороту с Казахстаном лидируют страны ЕС, но наибольший импорт в страну поступает из России, на первом месте по инвестициям Нидерланды, далее США. Самую активную гуманитарную помощь Казахстану оказывает Китай, проводит активную социальную политику. В статье также проведен анализ динамики изменения роли России, установлено, что страна постепенно теряет степень своего влияния в Казахстане, однако на данный момент все еще остается его основным стратегическим партнером

Variations in morphological and epidermal features of shade and sun leaves of two species: Quercus bambusifolia and Q. myrsinifolia

Premise: Microclimatic differences between the periphery and the interior of tree crowns result in a variety of adaptive leaf macromorphological and anatomical features. Our research was designed to reveal criteria for sun/shade leaf identification in two species of evergreen oaks, applicable to both modern and fossil leaves. We compared our results with those in other species similarly studied. Methods: For both Quercus bambusifolia and Q. myrsinifolia (section Cyclobalanopsis), leaves from single mature trees with well-developed crowns were collected in the South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China. We focus on leaf characters often preserved in fossil material. SVGm software was used for macromorphological measurement. Quantitative analyses were performed and box plots generated using R software with IDE Rstudio. Leaf cuticles were prepared using traditional botanical techniques. Results: Principal characters for distinguishing shade and sun leaves in the studied oaks were identified as leaf lamina length to width ratio (L/W), and the degree of development of venation networks. For Q. myrsinifolia, shade and sun leaves differ in tooth morphology and the ratio of toothed lamina length to overall lamina length. The main epidermal characters are ordinary cell size and anticlinal wall outlines. For both species, plasticity within shade leaves exceeds that of sun leaves. Conclusions: Morphological responses to sun and shade in the examined oaks are similar to those in other plant genera, pointing to useful generalizations for recognizing common foliar polymorphisms that must be taken into account when determining the taxonomic position of both modern and fossil plants