Tourism statistics 2006-2010

Over the last 50 years, more and more countries have opened up o tourism, and today it is one of the key drivers of socioeconomic progress, creating jobs, developing infrastructure, and generating export revenues. The UNWTO has recently reported that globally, as an export category, tourism ranks fourth after fuels, chemicals and automotive products. For many countries it is one of the main sources of foreign exchange income and the number one export category, creating much needed employment and opportunities for development

Impact of AIDS care and level of burnout among nurses in selected hospitals in Limpopo Province, South Africa

PKSouth Africa has one of the worst AIDS epidemics in the world and nurses bear the brunt of caring for people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA). This situation exacerbates the existing challenge of nursing staff shortage in South Africa as a whole and more profound in rural areas. Despite this, there is limited information on the nature and magnitude of the impact of caring for PLWHA on nurses in rural South Africa. This study therefore investigated the impact of AIDS care and the level of burnout and symptoms of depression among nurses in rural areas. One hundred and seventy four nurses involved in the care of people living with AIDS participated in the study. A structured interview guide was used as the instrument for data collection. The instrument incorporated the AIDS Impact Scale (AIS), Maslach Bumoql Inventory (MBI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the participants’ demographic and professional profiles. The study participants were conveniently drawn from five randomly selected hospitals in Limpopo Province. We found that the participants’ level of physical and emotional exhaustion were positively associated with age and years of experience respectively. Personal accomplishment was also associated with level of training and qualification. AIS items contributed more to the prediction of physical and emotional exhaustion when compared to their contribution to the prediction of depersonalization and personal accomplishment. The AIS items contributed over 40% to the prediction of emotional exhaustion. The stigma related AIS items were the contributors to the variation in depersonalization. This study therefore re-emphasizes the need to address social stigma, develop psycho-social support programmes and promote social incentives and recognition of the role of nurses in AIDS care

Problems in integrating theory with practice in selected clinical nursing situations

Text in EnglishThe current changes in health care systems challenges knowledgeable, mature and independent practitioners to be able to integrate theoretical content with practice. The study aims to investigate the problems of integrating theory with practice in selected clinical nursing situations. The study focused on the rendering of family planning services to clients which is a component of Community Nursing Science. The findings of the study reveal that there is a need for an integrated holistic curriculum which will address the needs of the community. It was concluded that a problem-based and community-based curriculum, safe and patient-friendly clinical environments, intersectoral collaboration between college and hospital management and student involvement in all processes of teaching and learning will improve the integration of theory and practice. There also appears to be a need for tutors to be more involved in clinical teaching, accompaniment and the continuous evaluation of students.Health StudiesM.A. (Nursing Science

The impact of caring for persons living with HIV and AIDS on the mental health of nurses in the Limpopo Province

This study assessed the impact of caring for AIDS sufferers on the mental health of nurses. This assessment was measured against the level of burnout, stress and depression among 174 nurses caring for people living with HIV and AIDS in Limpopo Province, South Africa. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire incorporated the AIDS Impact Scale (AIS), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the participants’ demographic and professional profiles. Participants were conveniently selected from five selected hospitals in Limpopo Province. The study participants’ valuation using the AIS showed that nurses tended to develop strong bonds and relationships with the patients; felt frustrated by their inability to help the terminally ill AIDS sufferers and were subsequently affected by the death of their patients. Personal accomplishments of the nurses remained high and the levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization levels were low. The BDI showed that over 3 out of 4 nurses were experiencing between mild mood disturbance and extreme depression. Higher average scores were noted for items of the depression scale like sadness, dissatisfaction, fatigue and low level of energy. The findings highlight the need to develop psychological support programmes for nurses caring for AIDS patients and promote the provision of social incentives and recognition of the role of nurses in AIDS care

Collaboration in implementing problem-based learning for nursing education: Nurse educators’ and managers’ views in south Africa

Background:  Problem based learning is advocate as teaching strategy for development of the 21st century health care practitioners. Collaborative partnerships are much-touted values in organizational life today Purpose: To explore and describe the perceptions of nurse educators and manager on collaboration in implementing PBL in nursing education in South African context Methodology: An exploratory sequential mixed method was used to collect data from purposively recruited participants from three of the five South African universities implementing PBL in nursing education and three North-West Provincial hospitals where PBL students are place for clinical learning. Ethical clearance certificate is NWU-00033-11-A9 Results: Both qualitative and quantitative data indicated the need for various types of collaboration; benefits of collaboration to staff, students, organizations and health care users; factors to successful collaboration in implementing PBL Conclusions: Successful implementation of PBL can be achieved through collaboration of clinical spaces. The strategic management and leadership should be committed to the collaboration by offering support and commitment of time, energy and resources.   Recommendations For practice, the strategic management and leadership should be committed to the collaboration by offering support, commitment of time, energy and resources. Effective communication should be to promote participation in the collaboration. Further research on collaboration in implementing PBL at different levels of operations; cultural influences on collaboration; criteria to assess effectiveness of collaboration is necessary

Managing the implementation of the assessment policy in the senior certificate band

Educators in the basic education system are facing extreme challenges in assessing learners in general and in implementing assessment policy in particular. These challenges influence the pass rate, particularly in grade 12. The validity of the evidence of the learners’ performance depends on the quality and type of assessment tasks administered to those learners. Therefore, it was critical that those aspects, which pose challenges in the management of the assessment policy within the education system, be addressed by developing policies which would assist educators in managing assessment at school, since assessment forms an integral part of teaching and learning. Support programmes on policy implementation had to be developed for learners and for the training of educators, the implementation of which should improve the pass rate. These programmes had to include the conditions and roles of provincial and district education officers. A South African policy development model had to be developed to address the unique situation of developing such programmes. The introduction of the National Curriculum Statement (NCS) and the National Protocol on Recording and Reporting (NPRR) were some of the measures aimed at improving learner performance and assisting educators in implementing and managing assessment which is in line with national policy. An exploratory study, aimed at providing a broad framework on policy analysis, was used with the view to understand how the NCS and National Protocol for Recording and Reporting are managed. A proportional representative sample of 25% of the schools from the six clusters in the Mopani district formed part of this study. To ensure that the historically white, urban and rural schools were represented, an incidental biased sampling method was used. Data obtained from the questionnaire indicates that educators have knowledge of the various policies, acts and guidelines which should be used in assessing learners. However, some data indicates that some educators know about the existence of such policies, acts and guidelines but do not have knowledge of the content thereof. Data obtained from the interviews indicates that educators either know the content of policies or are only aware of them. Therefore, the lack of knowledge of policy content which regulates the practice of a policy has an influence on the teaching and assessing of learners.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA)unrestricte

Cost and Financial Management 2A

Exam paper for second semester: Cost and Financial Management 2

Between a rock and a hard place : ethics, nurses' safety, and the right to protest during the COVID-19 pandemic

AIM : In this paper, we critically discuss the ethics of nurses' choice to strike during the COVID-19 pandemic, considering legal and ethical arguments, overlaying the Ubuntu philosophy, an African ethic. BACKGROUND : The recent unprecedented coronavirus disease pandemic and the increased reports on the absence of personal protective equipment in South Africa places many health workers' lives at risk. Nurses spend most of their time with patients, which exposes them to fatal risks as they work in unsafe environments. RESEARCH METHODS : Exploratory literature review was conducted using Pubmed, CINAHL, Google Scholar and Science Direct) and law cases repository. FINDINGS : Nurses thus may be justified in striking to protect their safety. State healthcare entities are obliged to ensure safety and protect the health of professionals during the pandemic. According to their Code of Practice and Pledge of Service, they are ethically obliged to put patients first, and as a result, they are legally barred from engaging in strike action. CONCLUSION : We conclude that there may be constitutional human rights arguments to support strike action. We also find that ethical principles alone do not provide clear direction to guide nurses in making justified and ethical decisions regarding service provision in an environment threatening to compromise their safety.https://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/inrhj2022Nursing Scienc

Nurses' experiences of delivering Voluntary Counselling and Testing Services for people with HIV and AIDS in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Voluntary counseling services are seen as a cost-effective strategy for HIV prevention and management because they help people to cope with their illness and reduce infection rates in others. This study explored and described the experiences of 20 nurses who rendered voluntary counseling in the Vhembe district, Limpopo Province, South Africa. A qualitative and contextual research design was used, with data gathered from in-depth individual interviews and analyzed using an open-coding method.The main experiences of the nurses rendering voluntary counseling and testing arose in the following themes: challenges related to inadequate resources; the emotional drain associated with stress and burnout; and frustration related to certain behaviors and practices of clients and community members. The main conclusions drawn from the findings were that nurses are continuously exposed to emotionally draining activities with very little support from their supervisors, which makes them prone to experiencing burnout.Health Studie