At what age should screening mammography be recommended for Asian women?

Although regular screening mammography has been suggested to be associated with improvements in the relative survival of breast cancer in recent years, the appropriate age to start screening mammography remains controversial. In November 2009, the United States Preventive Service Task Force published updated guidelines for breast cancer, which no longer support routine screening mammography for women aged 40–49 years, but instead, defer the choice of screening in that age group to the patient and physician. The age to begin screening differs between guidelines, including those from the Task Force, the American Cancer Society and the World Health Organization. It remains unclear how this discrepancy impacts patient survival, especially among certain subpopulations. Although the biological characteristics of breast cancer and peak age of incidence differ among different ethnic populations, there have been few reports that evaluate the starting age for screening mammography based on ethnicity. Here, we discuss the benefits and harm of screening mammography in the fifth decade, and re-evaluate the starting age for screening mammography taking ethnicity into account, focusing on the Asian population. Breast cancer incidence peaked in the fifth decade in Asian women, which has been thought to be due to a combination of biological and environmental factors. Previous reports suggest that Asian women in their 40s may receive more benefit and less harm from screening mammography than the age-matched non-Asian US population. Therefore, starting screening mammography at age 40 may be beneficial for women of Asian ethnicity in well-resourced countries, such as Japanese women who reside in Japan

Effects of Basketball teaching tactical approach based on confrontation between offence and defense on college students' learning

In this study, a basketball teaching tactical approach for novice learners in college physical education class was studied. Role assignment based on confrontation type between offence and defense was introduced for learners to achieve their meaningful participation into games. Two college PE classes were selected for this study. The same tactical approach was used in both class, consisting of freshman students, (11 male and 4 females, compound class), and the other class, made up of freshman students (19 males). Students were assigned either to the skilled or to the novice group based on experience of basketball. The students also completed the questionnaire form of formative evaluation (motion & tactics and cooperation) at the end of each class. For comparison of two groups, Two Way Repeated Measures of variance (ANOVA) was used. Results demonstrated that the formative evaluation (motion & tactics) points were significantly increased in the both groups during the units though, difference between two groups was not identified. While the formative evaluation (cooperation) points showed no differentiation in the both groups during the units and difference between two groups was also not identified. These results show that role assignment in games helps learners to achieve a meaningful participation experience in games. Moreover, the tactical approach assures skilled learners' learning contents

Clinical Impact of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer metastasizes to lymph nodes or other organs, which determine the prognosis of patients. It is difficult to cure the breast cancer patients with distant metastasis due to resistance to drug therapies. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis and drug resistance is expected to provide new therapeutic targets. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a pleiotropic, bioactive lipid mediator that regulates many cellular functions, including proliferation, migration, survival, angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis, and immune responses. S1P is formed in cells by sphingosine kinases and released from them, which acts in an autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine manner. S1P in extracellular space, such as interstitial fluid, interacts with components in the tumor microenvironment, which may be important for metastasis. Importantly, recent translational research has demonstrated an association between S1P levels in breast cancer patients and clinical outcomes, highlighting the clinical importance of S1P in breast cancer. We suggest that S1P is one of the key molecules to overcome the resistance to the drug therapies, such as hormonal therapy, anti-HER2 therapy, or chemotherapy, all of which are crucial aspects of a breast cancer treatment

Proton conduction in hydronium solvate ionic liquids affected by ligand shape

We investigated the ligand dependence of the proton conduction of hydronium solvate ionic liquids (ILs), consisting of a hydronium ion (H₃O⁺), polyether ligands, and a bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amide anion (Tf₂N⁻; Tf = CF₃SO₂). The ligands were changed from previously reported 18-crown-6 (18C6) to other cyclic or acyclic polyethers, namely, dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (Dh18C6), benzo-18-crown-6 (B18C6) and pentaethylene glycol dimethyl ether (G5). Pulsed-field gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance results revealed that the protons of H₃O⁺ move faster than those of cyclic 18C6-based ligands but as fast as those of acyclic G5 ligands. Based on these results and density functional theory calculations, we propose that the coordination of a cyclic ether ligand to the H₃O⁺ ion is essential for fast proton conduction in hydronium solvate ILs. Our results attract special interest for many electro- and bio-chemical applications such as electrolyte systems for fuel cells and artificial ion channels for biological cells

Suppression of Fast Proton Conduction by Dilution of a Hydronium Solvate Ionic Liquid: Localization of Ligand Exchange

A dilution effect on the proton conduction of a hydronium solvate ionic liquid [H₃O⁺centerdot18C6]Tf₂N, which consists of hydronium ion (H₃O⁺), 18-crown-6-ether ligand (18C6), and bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amide anion (Tf₂N⁻; Tf = CF₃SO₂), has been studied. When [H₃O⁺･18C6]Tf₂N was diluted using equimolar 18C6 solvent, the distinctive fast proton conduction in [H₃O⁺･18C6]Tf₂N was suppressed in stark contrast to the case of common protic ionic liquids. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that the fast exchange between free 18C6 molecules and coordinated ones, suggesting that the added solvent had induced a local proton exchange rather than a cooperative proton relay

A macroscopic anatomical study of the appropriate palpation zone of the gluteus medius muscle

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Ultrafiltration attenuates cardiopulmonary bypass–induced acute lung injury in a canine model of single-lung transplantation

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass and ultrafiltration on graft function in a canine single-lung transplantation model.MethodsFifteen left single-lung transplantations were done in weight-mismatched canine pairs. The animals were divided into 3 groups: group 1, in which transplantation was done without cardiopulmonary bypass; group 2, in which transplantation was done with cardiopulmonary bypass and in which the cardiopulmonary bypass flow was decreased slowly with controlled pulmonary artery pressure; and group 3, in which transplantation was done with cardiopulmonary bypass and ultrafiltration. Hemodynamic parameters and lung function were monitored for 6 hours after reperfusion. The grafts were harvested for histologic studies, myeloperoxidase assay, and real-time quantitive reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction of mRNA encoding interleukin 6.ResultsThe hemodynamic parameters were similar among the 3 groups. In group 1 Pao2 and alveolar to arterial gradient for O2 levels were excellent throughout the 6-hour observation period, but in group 2 they progressively deteriorated. However, ultrafiltration significantly (P = .02) improved the Pao2 level in group 3. On histology, interstitial edema and polynuclear cell infiltration were most marked in group 2 and significantly worse than in groups 1 and 3. Myeloperoxidase assay and real-time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction showed increased myeloperoxidase activity and interleukin 6 gene expression in group 2 grafts compared with group 1 grafts. Myeloperoxidase activity and interleukin 6 gene expression were suppressed with ultrafiltration.ConclusionsCardiopulmonary bypass had negative effects on the graft, but ultrafiltration attenuated acute lung dysfunction by reducing the inflammatory response

Oxaliplatin for Metastatic Colon Cancer in a Patient with Renal Failure

The efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and dialysability of oxaliplatin were assessed in a hemodialysis patient with recurrent cecal cancer