アタラシイ フチャク ヨクセイ ヒョウメン ショリ オ ホドコシタ コウ ヒョウメン エノ フンタイ ノ フチャク キョドウ ノ カイセキ

In this paper, we examined the relationship between surface roughness and particle adhesion behavior by a proposed experiment. Five kinds of SiO2 spherical powders (0.2μm-2.0μm) and stainless steel plates with seven kinds of surface roughness were used for the investigation. The adhesion ratios of SiO2 powders to polished stainless steel plates were measured. The adhesion ratios depend on the surface roughness and the particle diameters. The adhered particles on the steel plate were observed by SEM in order to examine the adhesion mechanism of SiO2 particle on the polished stainless plate substrate. As the result, 0.4-1.0 μm particles were easy to adhere independent of surface roughness and nominal powder diameter. The result indicates that adhesion behavior of powder depends on the adhesion force of 0.4-1.0 μm particles that are changed by the surface roughness of the steel plate

Observations of [C II] 158 micron Line and Far-infrared Continuum Emission toward the High-latitude Molecular Clouds in Ursa Major

We report the results of a rocket-borne observation of [C II] 158\micron line and far-infrared continuum emission at 152.5\micron toward the high latitude molecular clouds in Ursa Major. We also present the results of a follow-up observation of the millimeter ^{12}CO J=1-0 line over a selected region observed by the rocket-borne experiment. We have discovered three small CO cloudlets from the follow-up ^{12}CO observations. We show that these molecular cloudlets, as well as the MBM clouds(MBM 27/28/29/30), are not gravitationally bound. Magnetic pressure and turbulent pressure dominate the dynamic balance of the clouds. After removing the HI-correlated and background contributions, we find that the [C II] emission peak is displaced from the 152.5\micron and CO peaks, while the 152.5\micron continuum emission is spatially correlated with the CO emission. We interpret this behavior by attributing the origin of [C II] emission to the photodissociation regions around the molecular clouds illuminated by the local UV radiation field. We also find that the ratio of the molecular hydrogen column density to velocity-integrated CO intensity is 1.19+-0.29x10^{20} cm^{-2} (K kms^{-1})^{-1} from the FIR continuum and the CO data. The average [C II] /FIR intensity ratio over the MBM clouds is 0.0071, which is close to the all sky average of 0.0082 reported by the FIRAS on the COBE satellite. The average [C II]/CO ratio over the same regions is 420, which is significantly lower than that of molecular clouds in the Galactic plane.Comment: 15 pages, LaTeX (aaspp4.sty) + 2 tables(apjpt4.sty) + 6 postscript figures; accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal; Astrophys. J. in press (Vol. 490, December 1, 1997 issue

New 60-cm Radio Survey Telescope with the Sideband-Separating SIS Receiver for the 200 GHz Band

We have upgraded the 60-cm radio survey telescope located in Nobeyama, Japan. We developed a new waveguide-type sideband-separating SIS mixer for the telescope, which enables the simultaneous detection of distinct molecular emission lines both in the upper and lower sidebands. Over the RF frequency range of 205-240 GHz, the single-sideband receiver noise temperatures of the new mixer are 40-100 K for the 4.0-8.0 GHz IF frequency band. The image rejection ratios are greater than 10 dB over the same range. For the dual IF signals obtained by the receiver, we have developed two sets of acousto-optical spectrometers and a telescope control system. Using the new telescope system, we successfully detected the 12CO (J=2-1) and 13CO (J=2-1) emission lines simultaneously toward Orion KL in 2005 March. Using the waveguide-type sideband-separating SIS mixer for the 200 GHz band, we have initiated the first simultaneous 12CO (J=2-1) and 13CO (J=2-1) survey of the galactic plane as well as large-scale mapping observations of nearby molecular clouds.Comment: 15 pages, 15 figures, Accepted for publication in PASJ, version with high resolution figures is available via http://www.nro.nao.ac.jp/~nakajima/vst1_2sb.pd

The AMANOGAWA-2SB Galactic Plane Survey I: Data on the Galactic Equator

Using a waveguide-type sideband-separating receiver (2SB receiver) on the Tokyo-NRO 60-cm telescope (renamed the AMANOGAWA telescope), we carried out simultaneous observations in the 12CO(J = 2-1) and 13CO(J = 2-1) lines over the Galactic plane l = 10-245 deg along b = 0 deg with a 3.75 arcmin grid. Using the 12CO(J = 1-0) data of Dame et al. (2001), who used a beam size almost the same as ours, we show 12CO(J = 2-1)/12CO(J = 1-0) and 13CO(J = 2-1)/12CO(J = 2-1) intensity ratios on the l-v map and the intensity correlations among the three lines. As a result, a linear correlation between 12CO(J = 1-0) and 12CO(J = 2-1) and a curve correlation between 12CO(J = 2-1) and 13CO(J = 2-1), as produced by most of the data, are found. We investigate these correlations with simple radiative transfer equations to ascertain a number of restrictions on the physical quantities of molecular gas on a galactic scale.Comment: 22 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in PAS

Elevated CO2 Could Reduce Spikelet Fertility and Grain Appearance Quality of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown under High-temperature Conditions

Two Japanese rice cultivars with different heat-tolerance, Hinohikari (sensitive) and Nikomaru (tolerant), were grown in pots inside open-top chambers and exposed to ambient CO2 (400 µmol mol-1) or elevated CO2 (550 µmol mol-1) from the beginning of the tillering stage to maturity. The study was conducted in Nagasaki, in the Kyushu region of Japan, where heat stress on rice has become increasingly evident. Although elevated CO2 significantly improved the net hotosynthesis and whole-plant growth of the cultivars, there were no significant effects on grain yield, which in turn reduced harvest index. In both cultivars, adverse effects occurred with elevated CO2, such as reductions in spikelet fertility and grain appearance quality, which are typical manifestations of heat stress in rice. During the flowering period, the air temperature was high that spikelet fertility was reduced even under ambient CO2 conditions for both cultivars. These results suggest that, under high-temperature conditions, elevated CO2 could induce or exacerbate the manifestations of heat stress in rice. Because transpiration rate in the flag leaf was significantly reduced by the exposure to elevated CO2, it is possible that elevated CO2 increased plant temperature via a reduction in transpiration during flowering period, although we did not detect significance of the increase in leaf and panicle temperature. To ensure a more confident conclusion, further studies focusing on the effects of elevated CO2 on the determinants of spikelet fertility and grain appearance quality with other cultivars in different year are required

Enhancement in Boiling Heat Transfer for Water Using a Polished Plate Surface

The thermal characteristic of a plate evaporator for boiling water have been experimentally investigated. Stainless-steel plates with five kinds of surface roughness (a mirror-polished surface and four kinds of polished plate surface, F2, F0, F-1, and F-2 polishing) were used for the investigation. The roughness order is F-2 > F-1 > F0 > F2 > mirror. The local boiling heat transfers were measured on the evaporator surface using ten thermocouples inside the evaporator. For a comparison of the heat transfer characteristic of the evaporator, the local boiling heat transfer coefficient was measured when the polishing direction was perpendicular or parallel to the water flow at a range of pressures (0.3–0.4 MPa) and flow rates (20–60 mL/min). The results indicate that the local heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing vapor quality at all surface conditions. For F0 polishing, the heat transfer coefficient on the surface with perpendicular polishing was much larger than that on the surfaces with parallel and mirror polishing. In particular, the heat transfer coefficient of the perpendicularly polished surface (F2 and F0 polishing) was increased six-fold in comparison with that of the mirror surface at a vapor quality of 0.35. However, for the F-1 and F-2 perpendicularly polishing plates, the heat transfer coefficients were smaller than those of the F0 and F2 perpendicularly polishing plates. For the F2 perpendicularly polished plate, heat transfer enhancement was confirmed, along with an increase in the number of bubbling points, on increasing the system pressure. For the polished surface, the heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing flow rate. This indicates that the bubble formation cycle was promoted by an increased flow rate

Early intervention to promote oral feeding in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: a retrospective cohort study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Stroke is a major cause of dysphagia, but little is known about when and how dysphagic patients should be fed and treated after an acute stroke. The purpose of this study is to establish the feasibility, risks and clinical outcomes of early intensive oral care and a new speech and language therapist/nurse led structured policy for oral feeding in patients with an acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A total of 219 patients with spontaneous ICH who were admitted to our institution from 2004 to 2007 were retrospectively analyzed. An early intervention program for oral feeding, which consisted of intensive oral care and early behavioral interventions, was introduced from April 2005 and fully operational by January 2006. Outcomes were compared between an early intervention group of 129 patients recruited after January 2006 and a historical control group of 90 patients recruited between January 2004 and March 2005. A logistic regression technique was used to adjust for baseline differences between the groups. To analyze time to attain oral feeding, the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard model were used.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The proportion of patients who could tolerate oral feeding was significantly higher in the early intervention group compared with the control group (112/129 (86.8%) vs. 61/90 (67.8%); odds ratio 3.13, 95% CI, 1.59-6.15; P < 0.001). After adjusting for baseline imbalances, the odds ratio was 4.42 (95% CI, 1.81-10.8; P = 0.001). The incidence of chest infection was lower in the early intervention group compared with the control group (27/129 (20.9%) vs. 32/90 (35.6%); odds ratio 0.48, 95% CI, 0.26-0.88; P = 0.016). A log-rank test found a significant difference in nutritional supplementation-free survival between the two groups (hazard ratio 1.94, 95% CI, 1.46-2.71; P < 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our data suggest that the techniques can be used safely and possibly with enough benefit to justify a randomized controlled trial. Further investigation is needed to solve the eating problems that are associated with patients recovering from a severe stroke.</p