On the definition of entanglement entropy in lattice gauge theories

We focus on the issue of proper definition of entanglement entropy in lattice gauge theories, and examine a naive definition where gauge invariant states are viewed as elements of an extended Hilbert space which contains gauge non-invariant states as well. Working in the extended Hilbert space, we can define entanglement entropy associated with an arbitrary subset of links, not only for abelian but also for non-abelian theories. We then derive the associated replica formula. We also discuss the issue of gauge invariance of the entanglement entropy. In the $Z_N$ gauge theories in arbitrary space dimensions, we show that all the standard properties of the entanglement entropy, e.g. the strong subadditivity, hold in our definition. We study the entanglement entropy for special states, including the topological states for the $Z_N$ gauge theories in arbitrary dimensions. We discuss relations of our definition to other proposals.Comment: 29 pages, 1 figure, a comment and more references added, some typos correcte

Annual variation in the extent of bare ice and dark ice on the Greenland Ice Sheet derived from AVHRR and MODIS data set

The Tenth Symposium on Polar Science/Ordinary sessions: [OM] Polar Meteorology and Glaciology, Wed. 4 Dec. / Entrance Hall (1st floor) , National Institute of Polar Researc

Development of Large Capacity And High Efficiency Rotary Compressor

The authors had studied some elemental technologies to realize the large capacity and high efficiency in rotary compressor in order to achieve energy and material resource savings as well as in weight reduction of heat pump systems. Those elemental technologies are the cylinder dimension optimization, the new discharge structure, the divided vane structure, and the compatibility between sliding loss reduction and securing reliability in journal bearings. The new discharge structure is a structure in which two discharge ports are installed per cylinder. The discharge ports are designed with different in cross-sectional area and the responsiveness of each discharge valve is also optimized. By applying the new discharge structure, discharge losses drastically reduced during compression process. The divided vanes structure which splits the vane in the axial direction to reduce force due to the pressure difference per each vane enables to avoid the increasing risk at local contact surface pressure on vane. The journal bearing designs are optimized by using structural analysis. Enhanced shaft stiffness and appropriate journal bearing design contribute to sliding friction reduction and high reliability assurance. By adopting those technologies, we succeeded in developing a new compressor that can increase to the maximum refrigeration capacity 20 HP [60kW]. Compared to our conventional large model, the new model has 1.7 times larger maximum capacity, and about 6 % higher COP ratio in most operation condition range. Moreover, by the more compact and lighter weight of 38.2 kg, the new one has contributed to resource saving and weight reduction of the heat pump unit system. We commercialized this developed compressor for our latest air-cooled module heat pump unit “Universal Smart X Edge Series” which expanded up to 70HP in rated cooling capacity and achieved “IPLV 6.0” at 60 HP heat pump unit systems

Zonation of Sulfate and Sulfide Minerals and Isotopic Composition in the Far Southeast Porphyry and Lepanto Epithermal Cu–Au Deposits, Philippines

The world‐class Far Southeast (FSE) porphyry system, Philippines, includes the FSE Cu–Au porphyry deposit, the Lepanto Cu–Au high‐sulfidation deposit and the Victoria–Teresa Au–Ag intermediate‐sulfidation veins, centered on the intrusive complex of dioritic composition. The Lepanto and FSE deposits are genetically related and both share an evolution characterized by early stage 1 alteration (deep FSE potassic, shallow Lepanto advanced argillic‐silicic, both at ~1.4 Ma), followed by stage 2 phyllic alteration (at ~1.3 Ma); the dominant ore mineral deposition within the FSE porphyry and the Lepanto epithermal deposits occurred during stage 2. We determined the chemical and S isotopic composition of sulfate and sulfide minerals from Lepanto, including stage 1 alunite (12 to 28 permil), aluminum–phosphate–sulfate (APS) minerals (14 to 21 permil) and pyrite (−4 to 2 permil), stage 2 sulfides (mainly enargite–luzonite and some pyrite, −10 to −1 permil), and late stage 2 sulfates (barite and anhydrite, 21 to 27 permil). The minerals from FSE include stage 2 chalcopyrite (1.6 to 2.6 permil), pyrite (1.1 to 3.4 permil) and anhydrite (13 to 25 permil). The whole‐rock S isotopic composition of weakly altered syn‐mineral intrusions is 2.0 permil.Stage 1 quartz–alunite–pyrite of the Lepanto lithocap, above about 650 m elevation, formed from acidic condensates of magmatic vapor at the same time as hypersaline liquid formed potassic alteration (biotite) near sea level. The S isotopic composition of stage 1 alunite–pyrite record temperatures of approximately 300–400°C for the vapor condensate directly over the porphyry deposit; this cooled to <250°C as the acidic condensate flowed to the NW along the Lepanto fault where it cut the unconformity at the top of the basement. Stage 1 alunite at the base of the advanced argillic lithocap over FSE contains cores of APS minerals with Sr, Ba and Ca; based on back‐scattered electron images and ion microprobe data, these APS minerals show a large degree of chemical and S‐isotopic heterogeneity within and between samples. The variation in S isotopic values in these finely banded stage 1 alunite and APS minerals (16 permil range), as well as that of pyrite (6 permil range) was due largely to changes in temperature, and perhaps variation in redox conditions (average ~ 2:1 H2S:SO4). Such fluctuations could have been related to fluid pulses caused by injection of mafic melt into the diorite magma chamber, supported by mafic xenoliths hosted in diorite of an earlier intrusion.The S isotopic values of stage 2 minerals indicate temperatures as high as 400°C near sea level in the porphyry deposit, associated with a relatively reduced fluid (~10:1 H2S:SO4) responsible for deposition of chalcopyrite. Stage 2 fluids were relatively oxidized in the Lepanto lithocap, with an H2S:SO4 ratio of about 4. The oxidation resulted from cooling, which was caused by boiling during ascent and then dilution with steam‐heated meteoric water in the lithocap. This cooling also resulted in the sulfidation state of minerals increasing from chalcopyrite stability in the porphyry deposit to that of enargite in the lithocap‐hosted high‐sulfidation deposit. The temperature at the base of the lithocap during stage 2 was ≥300°C, cooling to <250°C within the main lithocap, and about 200°C towards the limit of the Lepanto orebody, approximately 2 km NW of the porphyry deposit. Approximate 300°C and 200°C isotherms, estimated from S isotopic and fluid inclusion temperatures during stage 1 and stage 2, shifted towards the core of the FSE porphyry deposit with time. This general retreat in isotherms was more than 500 m laterally within Lepanto and 500 m vertically within FSE as the magmatic–hydrothermal system evolved and collapsed over the magmatic center. During this evolution, there is also evidence recorded by large S isotopic variations in individual crystals for sharp pulses of higher temperature, relatively reduced fluid injected into the porphyry deposit.The world‐class Far Southeast (FSE) porphyry system, Philippines, formed at 1.4‐1.3 Ma and includes the linked FSE Cu‐Au porphyry and Lepanto Cu‐Au high‐sulfidation deposits. Stage‐1 vapor condensate and quartz‐alunite‐pyrite of the shallow Lepanto lithocap formed at the same time as hypersaline liquid created potassic alteration in the deeper porphyry, with S‐isotopic composition indicating temperatures of 300‐400°C directly over the porphyry deposit and <250°C at the distal extent of the lithocap. The S‐isotopic composition of stage‐2 minerals indicate a temperature ≤400°C in the porphyry deposit, associated with white mica alteration and chalcopyrite deposition from a relatively reduced fluid (∼10:1 H2S/SO4), whereas more oxidized conditions (∼4:1 H2S/SO4) at shallower depth were caused by cooling (deep boiling followed by shallow dilution with steam‐heated liquid to ∼200°C) during lithocap‐hosted enargite deposition.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136455/1/rge12127_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136455/2/rge12127.pd

Experimental study on partial compression parallel to grain of solid timber

This paper describes results and analysis of experimental testing of entire and partial compression strength and stiffness parallel to the grain of solid timber (Japanese cedar). To investigate the spreading effects, the size effect of strength and stiffness, and the mechanism of the damage zone located close to the loading plates, tests on 90 specimens were performed. As a result, it was observed that damage zones existed near the loading plates. The observed spreading effects in the compression parallel to the grain were very small which justifies neglecting them regarding strength and stiffness. Although a presence of a size effect of the compression strength parallel to the grain of glulam specimens with knots was reported, the compression strength parallel to the grain of solid wood specimens without knots does not have a size effect. The height and width of the cross-section of the specimens have an influence on the damage zones and, hence, on the effective modulus of elasticity of the full height of the specimens. The compression strength has a correlation with the density of the timber and the width of the annual rings

First Detection of Near-Infrared Intraday Variations in the Seyfert 1 Nucleus NGC4395

We carried out a one-night optical V and near-infrared JHK monitoring observation of the least luminous Seyfert 1 galaxy, NGC4395, on 2004 May 1, and detected for the first time the intraday flux variations in the J and H bands, while such variation was not clearly seen for the K band. The detected J and H variations are synchronized with the flux variation in the V band, which indicates that the intraday-variable component of near-infrared continuum emission of the NGC4395 nucleus is an extension of power-law continuum emission to the near-infrared and originates in an outer region of the central accretion disk. On the other hand, from our regular program of long-term optical BVI and near-infrared JHK monitoring observation of NGC4395 from 2004 February 12 until 2005 January 22, we found large flux variations in all the bands on time scales of days to months. The optical BVI variations are almost synchronized with each other, but not completely with the near-infrared JHK variations. The color temperature of the near-infrared variable component is estimated to be T=1320-1710 K, in agreement with thermal emission from hot dust tori in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We therefore conclude that the near-infrared variation consists of two components having different time scales, so that a small K-flux variation on a time scale of a few hours would possibly be veiled by large variation of thermal dust emission on a time scale of days.Comment: 4 pages including figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Designing a banking scale of human induced pluripotent stem cells based on suspension time-dependent quality variations in filling and cryopreservation processes

To establish a robust commercial production system for a cell product, it is necessary to investigate a lot of variable factors inside and outside of the system and discuss the cell manufacturability. In case of trying a scale-up of banking system for human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), the process time to fill the cell suspension into vials before cryopreservation is prolonged. And that will cause the decay of the cell quality, because cryoprotective agent (CPA) including dimethyl sulfoxide has toxicity to cells. Based on such fluctuation of cell product quality derived from time-dependency in down-stream process, novel strategy to design a process time and a banking scale is required. In this study, four performance indexes, survival ratio of cells during suspension in CPA before cryopreservation (γ), survival ratio, attachment efficiency and specific growth rate of cells after cryopreservation (β, α and μ, respectively) are proposed to evaluate the cellular state and potential of the product. And, the quality variations of suspended cells in CPA are elucidated by changing the process time of suspension at room temperature and 4 °C. At room temperature, γ decreased with process time (ts) exponentially, being γ = 0.72 at ts = 6 h. With respect to α, 4 hours suspension at room temperature had an insignificant effect, however, it dropped after the lag-time, being α = 0.73 at ts = 6 h. In contrast, β and μ were kept high level of 0.80 and 5.3 × 10-2 h-1, respectively, similarly to those without the process. In addition, the suspension at 4°C made the enhancement of γ and α at ts = 6 h (γ = 0.88 and α = 1.08, respectively), suggesting that the suppression in cell activity during suspension is important to preserve the cell quality. In conclusion, the proposed performance indexes are useful to estimate the state and potential of cell product in filling and cryopreservation processes, and the temperature control in filling process is one of the promising factors to maintain the cell product quality. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Calibration of AGN Reverberation Distance Measurements

In Yoshii et al. (2014), we described a new method for measuring extragalactic distances based on dust reverberation in active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and we validated our new method with Cepheid variable stars. In this paper, we validate our new method with Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) which occurred in two of the AGN host galaxies during our AGN monitoring program: SN 2004bd in NGC 3786 and SN 2008ec in NGC 7469. Their multicolor light curves were observed and analyzed using two widely accepted methods for measuring SN distances, and the distance moduli derived are $\mu=33.47\pm 0.15$ for SN 2004bd and $33.83\pm 0.07$ for SN 2008ec. These results are used to obtain independently the distance measurement calibration factor, $g$. The $g$ value obtained from the SN Ia discussed in this paper is $g_{\rm SN} = 10.61\pm 0.50$ which matches, within the range of 1$\sigma$ uncertainty, $g_{\rm DUST} = 10.60$, previously calculated ab initio in Yoshii et al. (2014). Having validated our new method for measuring extragalactic distances, we use our new method to calibrate reverberation distances derived from variations of H$\beta$ emission in the AGN broad line region (BLR), extending the Hubble diagram to $z\approx 0.3$ where distinguishing between cosmologies is becoming possible.Comment: Astrophysical Journal Letters accepte