Curcumin as scaffold for drug discovery against neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are one of major public health problems and their impact is continuously growing. Curcumin has been proposed for the treatment of several of these pathologies, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) due to the ability of this molecule to reduce inflammation and aggregation of involved proteins. Nevertheless, the poor metabolic stability and bioavailability of curcumin reduce the possibilities of its practical use. For these reasons, many curcumin derivatives were synthetized in order to overcome some limitations. In this review will be highlighted recent results on modification of curcumin scaffold in the search of new effective therapeutic agents against NDs, with particular emphasis on AD

Towards realistic laparoscopic image generation using image-domain translation

Background and ObjectivesOver the last decade, Deep Learning (DL) has revolutionized data analysis in many areas, including medical imaging. However, there is a bottleneck in the advancement of DL in the surgery field, which can be seen in a shortage of large-scale data, which in turn may be attributed to the lack of a structured and standardized methodology for storing and analyzing surgical images in clinical centres. Furthermore, accurate annotations manually added are expensive and time consuming. A great help can come from the synthesis of artificial images; in this context, in the latest years, the use of Generative Adversarial Neural Networks (GANs) achieved promising results in obtaining photo-realistic images. MethodsIn this study, a method for Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) image synthesis is proposed. To this aim, the generative adversarial network pix2pix is trained to generate paired annotated MIS images by transforming rough segmentation of surgical instruments and tissues into realistic images. An additional regularization term was added to the original optimization problem, in order to enhance realism of surgical tools with respect to the background. Results Quantitative and qualitative (i.e., human-based) evaluations of generated images have been carried out in order to assess the effectiveness of the method. ConclusionsExperimental results show that the proposed method is actually able to translate MIS segmentations to realistic MIS images, which can in turn be used to augment existing data sets and help at overcoming the lack of useful images; this allows physicians and algorithms to take advantage from new annotated instances for their training

Do mast cells help to induce angiogenesis in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas?

Morphological and morphometric data showing a higher number of mast cells (MCs) in the stroma of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHL) than in benign lymphadenopathies are presented in support of the suggestion that angiogenesis during the progression of B-NHL may be partly mediated by angiogenic factors in their secretory granules

GH therapy in adult GH deficiency: a review of treatment schedules and the evidence for low starting doses.

Recombinant human growth hormone (GH) has been licensed for use in adult patients with GH deficiency (GHD) for over 15 years. Early weight- and surface area-based dosing regimens were effective but resulted in supraphysiological levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and increased incidence of side effects. Current practice has moved towards individualized regimens, starting with low GH doses and gradually titrating the dose according to the level of serum IGF-I to achieve an optimal dose. Here we present the evidence supporting the dosing recommendations of current guidelines and consider factors affecting dose responsiveness and parameters of treatment response. The published data discussed here lend support for the use of low GH dosing regimens in adult GHD. The range of doses defined as 'low dose' in the studies discussed here (~1-4 mg/week) is in accordance with those recommended in current guidelines and encompasses the dose range recommended by product labels

Vitamin D as a Biomarker of Ill Health among the Over-50s: A Systematic Review of Cohort Studies.

BACKGROUND: The association between circulating levels of vitamin D and the incidence of chronic diseases is known. The identification of vitamin D as a biomarker of physiological/pathological ageing could contribute to expanding current knowledge of its involvement in healthy ageing. METHODS: According to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted on cohorts studying the role of 25OH-Vitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25(OH)2-Vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] concentrations as biomarkers of healthy ageing. We consulted MedLine, Scopus, and Web of Science to search for studies on the association between vitamin D status in populations of originally healthy adults, and outcomes of longevity, illness, and physical and cognitive functionality. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa scale. RESULTS: Twenty cohorts from 24 articles were selected for this review. Inverse associations were found between low 25(OH)D levels and all-cause mortality, respiratory and cardiovascular events, as well as markers relating to hip and non-vertebral fractures. Associations between 1,25(OH)2D and healthy ageing outcomes gave similar results, although of lower clinical significance. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review pinpoints peculiar aspects of vitamin D as a multidimensional predictor of ill health in the ageing process. Further well-designed controlled trials to investigate whether vitamin D supplement results in superior outcomes are warranted in the future

Bone marrow angiogenesis and mast cell density increase simultaneously with progression of human multiple myeloma

Immunohistochemical, cytochemical and ultrastructural data showing vivid angiogenesis and numerous mast cells (MCs) in the bone marrow of 24 patients with active multiple myeloma (MM) compared with 34 patients with non-active MM and 22 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) led us to hypothesize that angiogenesis parallels progression of MM, and that MCs participate in its induction via angiogenic factors in their secretory granules. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaig

Using spatial-temporal ensembles of convolutional neural networks for lumen segmentation in ureteroscopy

Purpose: Ureteroscopy is an efficient endoscopic minimally invasive technique for the diagnosis and treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). During ureteroscopy, the automatic segmentation of the hollow lumen is of primary importance, since it indicates the path that the endoscope should follow. In order to obtain an accurate segmentation of the hollow lumen, this paper presents an automatic method based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Methods: The proposed method is based on an ensemble of 4 parallel CNNs to simultaneously process single and multi-frame information. Of these, two architectures are taken as core-models, namely U-Net based in residual blocks($m_1$) and Mask-RCNN($m_2$), which are fed with single still-frames $I(t)$. The other two models ($M_1$, $M_2$) are modifications of the former ones consisting on the addition of a stage which makes use of 3D Convolutions to process temporal information. $M_1$, $M_2$ are fed with triplets of frames ($I(t-1)$, $I(t)$, $I(t+1)$) to produce the segmentation for $I(t)$. Results: The proposed method was evaluated using a custom dataset of 11 videos (2,673 frames) which were collected and manually annotated from 6 patients. We obtain a Dice similarity coefficient of 0.80, outperforming previous state-of-the-art methods. Conclusion: The obtained results show that spatial-temporal information can be effectively exploited by the ensemble model to improve hollow lumen segmentation in ureteroscopic images. The method is effective also in presence of poor visibility, occasional bleeding, or specular reflections

Short bouts of anaerobic exercise increase non-esterified fatty acids release in obesity

PURPOSE: It is demonstrated that aerobic exercise plays an important role in weight loss programs for obesity by increasing 24 h metabolic rate. While aerobic exercise can result in health and fitness benefits in obese subjects, also independently of weight loss, not completely clear are the effects of bouts of hard exercise on metabolic outcomes. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that short-term aerobic activity with anaerobic bouts might result in a greater improvement in the management of obesity than aerobic activity alone. METHODS: We studied 16 obese subjects (eight men) during a progressive cycloergometric test up to exhaustion, before and after 4 weeks of two different training schedules (6 days/week). Insulin and glycaemia, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and lactic acid were sampled. Group A (eight subjects, four men) performed an aerobic cycle workout; Group B (eight subjects, four men) performed a 25 min aerobic workout followed by 5 min of anaerobic workout. All the subjects maintained their individual eating habits. RESULTS: The post-training test showed a decrease in AUCs NEFA in Group A (p < 0.05) and an increase in Group B (p < 0.05), together with an increase in lactic acid in Group A and a decrease in Group B (p < 0.01). \u3b2-cell function (HOMA2-B) revealed a reduction only in Group A (p < 0.05). Group B achieved a greatest reduction in body fat mass than Group A (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic plus anaerobic training seem to produce a greater response in lipid metabolism and not significant modifications in glucose indexes; then, in training prescription for obesity, we might suggest at starting weight loss program aerobic with short bouts of anaerobic training to reduce fat mass and subsequently a prolonged aerobic training alone to ameliorate the metabolic profile