A growing disadvantage of being born in an urban area? Analysing urban-rural disparities in neonatal mortality in 21 African countries with a focus on Tanzania.

INTRODUCTION: Neonatal mortality rate (NMR) has been declining in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, where historically rural areas had higher NMR compared with urban. The 2015-2016 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in Tanzania showed an exacerbation of an existing pattern with significantly higher NMR in urban areas. The objective of this study is to understand this disparity in SSA countries and examine the specific factors potentially underlying this association in Tanzania. METHODS: We assessed urban-rural NMR disparities among 21 SSA countries with four or more DHS, at least one of which was before 2000, using the DHS StatCompiler. For Tanzania DHS 2015-2016, descriptive statistics were carried out disaggregated by urban and rural areas, followed by bivariate and multivariable logistic regression modelling the association between urban/rural residence and neonatal mortality, adjusting for other risk factors. RESULTS: Among 21 countries analysed, Tanzania was the only SSA country where urban NMR (38 per 1000 live births) was significantly higher than rural (20 per 1,000), with largest difference during first week of life. We analysed NMR on the 2015-2016 Tanzania DHS, including live births to 9736 women aged between 15 and 49 years. Several factors were significantly associated with higher NMR, including multiplicity of pregnancy, being the first child, higher maternal education, and male child sex. However, their inclusion did not attenuate the effect of urban-rural differences in NMR. In multivariable models, urban residence remained associated with double the odds of neonatal mortality compared with rural. CONCLUSION: There is an urgent need to understand the role of quality of facility-based care, including role of infections, and health-seeking behaviour in case of neonatal illness at home. However, additional factors might also be implicated and higher NMR within urban areas of Tanzania may signal a shift in the pattern of neonatal mortality across several other SSA countries

Implementation of distance learning IMCI training in rural districts of Tanzania

BACKGROUND: The standard face-to-face IMCI training continues to be surrounded by concerns of low coverage of trainees, absenteeism of trainees from health facility for prolonged time and high cost of training. Consequently, distance learning IMCI training model is increasingly promoted to partly address some of these challenges in resource limited settings. This paper examines participants’ accounts of implementation of the paper based IMCI distance learning training programme in the three district councils in Mbeya region METHODS: A cross-sectional qualitative design was employed as part of an endline evaluation study of PSBI implementation in Busokelo, Kyela and Mbarali District Councils in Mbeya Region of Tanzania. KII were conducted with purposefully selected policymakers, partners, programme managers and healthcare workers including beneciaries and training facilitators. RESULTS: About 60 KIIs were conducted of which, 53% of participants were healthcare workers composed of nurses, clinicians, and pharmacists and; 22% were healthcare administrators including DMOs, RCH coordinators and programme ocers. The ndings indicate that DIMCI was designed to address concerns of standard IMCI by enhancing eciency, increasing outputs and reducing training costs. DIMCI included a mix of brief face-to-face orientation sessions, several weeks of self-directed learning, group discussions and brief face-to-face review sessions with facilitators. DIMCI course covered topics related to management of sick newborns, referral decisions and reporting with nurses and clinicians as the main beneciaries of the training. The problems with DIMCI included technological challenges related to limited access to proper learning technology such as computers and unfriendly learning materials, personal challenges including work-study-family demands, and design and coordination challenges including low nancial incentives contributing to defaulters and limited mentorship and follow-ups due to limited funding and transport. CONCLUSION: DMICI appears to have been implemented successfully in rural Tanzania, it facilitated training of many HCWs at a low cost and resulted into improved knowledge, competence and condence among HCWs in management of sick newborns. However, technological, personal, and design and coordination challenges continue to face learners in rural areas that need to be addressed to maximize the success of DIMCI

Implementation of distance learning IMCI training in rural districts of Tanzania

Abstract Background The standard face-to-face training for the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) continues to be plagued by concerns of low coverage of trainees, the prolonged absence of trainees from the health facility to attend training and the high cost of training. Consequently, the distance learning IMCI training model is increasingly being promoted to address some of these challenges in resource-limited settings. This paper examines participants’ accounts of the paper-based IMCI distance learning training programme in three district councils in Mbeya region, Tanzania. Methods A cross-sectional qualitative descriptive design was employed as part of an endline evaluation study of the management of possible serious bacterial infection in Busokelo, Kyela and Mbarali district councils of Mbeya Region in Tanzania. Key informant interviews were conducted with purposefully selected policymakers, partners, programme managers and healthcare workers, including beneficiaries and training facilitators. Results About 60 key informant interviews were conducted, of which 53% of participants were healthcare workers, including nurses, clinicians and pharmacists, and 22% were healthcare administrators, including district medical officers, reproductive and child health coordinators and programme officers. The findings indicate that the distance learning IMCI training model (DIMCI) was designed to address concerns about the standard IMCI model by enhancing efficiency, increasing outputs and reducing training costs. DIMCI included a mix of brief face-to-face orientation sessions, several weeks of self-directed learning, group discussions and brief face-to-face review sessions with facilitators. The DIMCI course covered topics related to management of sick newborns, referral decisions and reporting with nurses and clinicians as the main beneficiaries of the training. The problems with DIMCI included technological challenges related to limited access to proper learning technology (e.g., computers) and unfriendly learning materials. Personal challenges included work-study-family demands, and design and coordination challenges, including low financial incentives, which contributed to participants defaulting, and limited mentorship and follow-up due to limited funding and transport. Conclusion DIMCI was implemented successfully in rural Tanzania. It facilitated the training of many healthcare workers at low cost and resulted in improved knowledge, competence and confidence among healthcare workers in managing sick newborns. However, technological, personal, and design and coordination challenges continue to face learners in rural areas; these will need to be addressed to maximize the success of DIMCI