Storage effects of gel encapsulation on stability of chokeberry monomeric anthocyanins, procyanidins, color density, and percent polymeric color

Chokeberries (Aronia melanocarpa) are an antioxidant-rich plant product due to their high content of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins and procyanidins. These polyphenols have been shown to provide protection against coronary heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer, as well as against oxidative stress, the main cause behind chronic diseases promoted by free radicals. The objective of this study was to determine the storage effects of gelatin encapsulation on monomeric anthocyanins, procyanidins, color density, and percent polymeric color of three gummy candies of different strengths formulated with a base of 25.4% chokeberry concentrate, 47.6% sucrose, 1.3% Splenda, and 0.025% potassium sorbate. The gum strengths varied by percentages of gelatin and water in the formulations, with 19.1:6.6, 17.8:7.9, and 16.5:9.2 ratios used to produce soft, medium, and hard strength gummies, respectively. Total monomeric anthocyanins, total procyanidins, color density, and percent polymeric color of the gummies were determined 1 day post-processing and after 2, 4, and 6 months of storage at refrigerated and room temperatures. Storage for 6 months at room temperature resulted in dramatic losses of monomeric anthocyanins (80-82%), total procyanidins (48-54%), and color density (76-80%). Anthocyanin losses during storage coincided with marked increases in percent polymeric color values indicating that anthocyanins and procyanidins underwent condensation reactions to form polymers. Refrigerated storage ameliorated losses of monomeric anthocyanins (61-65%), total procyanidins (17-22%), and color density (60-67%) over 6 months of storage compared to samples stored at ambient temperature. Refrigerated storage also ameliorated the increase in polymeric color values observed in samples stored at room temperature indicating condensation reactions responsible for polymer formation were retarded. Gum strength did not have a significant effect on retention of anthocyanins and procyanidins

Extraction and Purification of Gamma-Tocotrienol from Rice Bran Oil Deodorizer Distillate

The tocols (alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta- tocopherols (T); alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols (T3)) make up the vitamin E family of antioxidants. Tocols have many health benefits. Gamma-T3 has been shown to protect against harmful radiation effects in mice. During rice bran oil refining up to 90% of tocols in rice bran are lost to the deodorizer distillate. The objective of this study was to optimize parameters for analyzing and isolating tocols from rice bran oil deodorizer distillate (RBODD). NP-HPLC analysis of tocol standards was optimized by testing ten mobile phases. Tocol extraction was optimized by testing three concentration solvents (acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol) using various solvent:RBODD ratios (5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1) at two temperatures (4°C, -20°C). Hexane (HX)-ethyl acetate (EA)-acetic acid (AA) (97.3:1.8:0.9 v/v/v) provided baseline resolution of all eight tocols. All interactions including solvent*ratio*temperature had a significant effect on tocol levels in the extracts (

Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction from Rice Bran Demonstrates Potent Radiation Protection Activity

The vitamin E analogs δ-tocotrienol (DT3) and γ-tocotrienol (GT3) have significant protective and mitigative capacity against the detrimental effects of ionizing radiation (IR). However, the expense of purification limits their potential use. This study examined the tocotrienol-rich fraction of rice bran (TRFRB) isolated from rice bran deodorizer distillate, a rice oil refinement waste product, to determine its protective effects against IR induced oxidative damage and H2O2. Several cell lines were treated with tocotrienols or TRFRB prior to or following exposure to H2O2 or IR. To determine the radioprotective capacity cells were analyzed for morphology, mitochondrial bioenergetics, clonogenic survival, glutathione oxidation, cell cycle, and migration rate. TRFRB displayed similar antioxidant activity compared to pure tocotrienols. Cells pretreated with TRFRB or DT3 exhibited preserved cell morphology and mitochondrial respiration when exposed to H2O2. Oxidized glutathione was decreased in TRFRB treated cells exposed to IR. TRFRB reversed mitochondrial uncoupling and protected cells migration rates following IR exposure. The protective antioxidant capacity of TRFRB treated cells against oxidative injury was similar to that of purified DT3. TRFRB effectively protects normal cells against IR induced injury suggesting that rice bran distillate may be an inexpensive and abundant alternate source