Changes of Blood Flow Volume in the Superior Mesenteric Artery and Brachial Artery with Abdominal Thermal Stimulation

In traditional Chinese medicine, moxibustion is a local thermal therapy that is used for several conditions. Quantifying the effects of moxibustion therapy has been difficult because the treatment temperature depends on the physician's experience, and the temperature distribution in the target area is not uniform. This prospective observational study aims to quantify the effect of local thermal stimulation to the abdomen. We developed a heat transfer control device (HTCD) for local thermal stimulation. Twenty-four healthy subjects were enrolled and they underwent abdominal thermal stimulation to the para-umbilical region with the device for 20 min. Blood flow volume in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and brachial artery (BA), the heart rate and the blood pressure were measured at rest, 15 min after starting thermal stimulation and 10, 20, 30 and 40 min after completing thermal stimulation. Blood flow parameters were measured by high-resolution ultrasound. In the SMA, blood flow volume was significantly increased during thermal stimulation (P < .01), as well as at 10 min (P < .01) and 20 min (P < .05) after stimulation. In the BA, blood flow volume decreased at 40 min after stimulation (P < .01). In conclusion we could quantify the effect of local thermal stimulation with an HTCD and high-resolution ultrasound. Thermal stimulation of the para-umbilical region increased blood flow in the SMA 20 min after stimulation in healthy subjects

Combined non-gray conductive and radiative heat transfer simulation of a single glass window subjected to solar and thermal radiation

Combined nongray conductive and radiative heat transfer in single glass window using the Radiation Element Method by Ray Emission Model REM2, has been investigated in one dimensional case. The optical constants of the glass window have been determined by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). The absorption and emission within the glass layer are taken into consideration. The boundary surfaces of the glass are specular. Spectral dependence of radiation properties of the glass is taken into account. Both collimated and diffuse solar and thermal irradiations are applied at boundary surfaces, using the spectral solar model proposed by Bird. The simulation has been performed for one position of the sun at noon true solar time on the 5th of July for three locations in Japan, Sendai, Tokyo, and Sapporo cities. Steady state temperature and heat flux distributions within the glass layer for each position of the sun of the three locations are obtained. The radiative heat flux through the glass mediums is the predominant mode compared with the conductive one. Therefore, the temperature distributions within the glass layer are not linear in shape

Artificial chameleon skin that controls spectral radiation: Development of Chameleon Cool Coating (C3)

Abstract Chameleons have a diagnostic thermal protection that enables them to live under various conditions. Our developed special radiative control therefore is inspired by the chameleon thermal protection ability by imitating its two superposed layers as two pigment particles in one coating layer. One particle imitates a chameleon superficial surface for color control (visible light), and another particle imitates a deep surface to reflect solar irradiation, especially in the near-infrared region. Optical modeling allows us to optimally design the particle size and volume fraction. Experimental evaluation shows that the desired spectral reflectance, i.e., low in the VIS region and high in NIR region, can be achieved. Comparison between the measured and calculated reflectances shows that control of the particle size and dispersion/aggregation of particle cloud is important in improving the thermal-protection performance of the coating. Using our developed coating, the interior temperature decreases and the cooling load is reduced while keeping the dark tone of the object