The Impact of Gut Microbiota on Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases: A Review of Medical Literature.

Introduction Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), pose a major public health challenge due to their progressive nature and profound impact on patients and healthcare systems. Emerging evidence underscores the key role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases. This paper examines the current state of knowledge on the impact of the gut microbiota on PD and AD, focusing on mechanisms such as modulation of inflammation, blood-brain barrier integrity, neurotransmitter production and amyloid pathology. Future research should target the potential hidden in the gut to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of the gut microbiota in neurodegenerative diseases. Aim of the study This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on the impact of the gut microbiota on neurodegenerative diseases, mainly Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Materials and methods The PubMed database and articles from the last 10 years were reviewed. Keywords used in the search included “gut microbiota,” “Parkinson’s disease,” “Alzheimer’s disease,” and “gut-brain axis.” Selected studies were then analyzed to obtain information on the mechanisms of action. Conclusions Intestinal microflora plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Modulating it through dietary interventions, probiotics and prebiotics holds promise for new therapeutic strategies. Research on the gut-brain axis and its impact on neurodegeneration will enable the creation of new therapies

Effects of sleep and insomnia on cardiovascular disease - literature review

Introduction: Sleep disorders, including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and other sleep disorders, are increasingly recognized as important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and coronary artery disease. This review aims to analyze the current literature on the impact of sleep disorders on cardiovascular health, focusing on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and the effectiveness of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The results highlight the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders to reduce cardiovascular risk. Aim of the Study: The main objective of this study is to review and summarize recent findings on the relationship between sleep disorders and cardiovascular diseases, with a particular focus on hypertension and coronary artery disease. This study aims to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms linking these conditions and to evaluate the effectiveness of current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Materials and Methods: This review was conducted by searching PubMed for articles published in the last ten years (2014-2024) using keywords such as „insomnia”, „obstructive sleep apnea”, „hypertension”, „coronary heart disease”, „polysomnography”. Conclusions: The evidence reviewed in this article suggests that sleep disorders are important and independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea and other sleep disorders contribute to cardiovascular morbidity through mechanisms such as increased sympathetic activity, systemic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Effective diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders, including the use of CPAP therapy for obstructive sleep apnea and cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia, can mitigate these risks and improve cardiovascular outcomes

SIBO in pediatric population: literature review on pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Introduction: SIBO is a condition characterized by bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine which is caused by various factors. The excessively proliferated bacteria can lead to digestive disturbances- manifesting as gastrointestinal symptoms and malabsorption. In pediatric patients, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth can also result in growth retardation. Due to many challenges related to the diagnosis and treatment of children- this condition should be well known by pediatric healthcare providers. Aim of the study: This study aims to summarizes the recent knowledge about the pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis and the treatment of small intestine bacterial overgrowth in pediatric population, providing an overview for healthcare professionals. Material and methods: The literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: „SIBO”, „Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth”, ,, „SIBO in pediatric population”, „Endoscopy in children”, „SIBO treatment” Conclusion: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is a complex disorder that can have a significant influence on the quality of life of pediatric patients. The variety of symptoms of this syndrome can lead to confusing clinical findings. The diagnostic pathway consists of a clinical evaluation and specific tests, to verify the presence of bacterial overgrowth. Effective treatment involves modifying the intestinal microbiota - mostly through antibiotic therapy - and supplementing nutritional deficiencies. Probiotics and dietary modifications, such as low-FODMAP diets, are often used as adjunctive therapies

Obesity in Adults: Causes, Health Consequences, and Treatment Methods

Introduction Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of body fat that can negatively affect a person's physical as well as mental health. It results not only from excessive caloric intake relative to energy expenditure, but also from a myriad of genetic, metabolic, environmental and behavioral factors. Obesity poses the risk of a number of chronic diseases that impair quality of life and increase the risk of death. Understanding the causes of obesity, the consequences it brings, and learning about treatments can help improve health and public awareness. Aim of the Study This study aims to analyze the causes, health consequences, and available treatment methods for obesity in adults, providing a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the subject. Materials and Methods This review utilized data from recent literature published over the last 15 years, sourced primarily from PubMed. The focus was on identifying and synthesizing information related to the epidemiology, risk factors, health consequences, and treatment strategies for adult obesity. Keywords such as "obesity," "adult," "treatment," "epidemiology," and "health consequences" were used to search relevant studies. Conclusions Obesity in adults is a multifaceted issue requiring a comprehensive approach to treatment. Addressing this epidemic necessitates a combination of dietary changes, increased physical activity, behavioral therapies, pharmacological interventions, and surgical options when necessary. Ongoing support and monitoring are essential for achieving long-term success in weight management and improving overall health outcomes

Vitamin D Deficiency. The place of calcifediol in the treatment of vitamin D deficiency - literature review

Introduction: Vitamin D plays a very important role in the human body. It affects bone health, immune system function, and is responsible for overall well-being. Vitamin D deficiency is a common worldwide. It contributes to the development of osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune disorders and many others. This article reviews the current state of knowledge about vitamin D deficiency, its causes, health consequences, diagnostic methods, and treatment options, with a particular focus on the effectiveness of calcifediol in treating this deficiency. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to summarize the current state of knowledge about vitamin D, vitamin D deficiency, its causes of health consequences, diagnostic methods, and treatment options, with a particular focus on the efficacy of calcifediol. Materials and Methods: The literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: "vitamin D deficiency", "calcifediol treatment", "vitamin D metabolism", "epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency", "vitamin D diagnostic criteria", "calcifediol". Conclusions: Vitamin D plays an important role in maintaining bone health, supporting the immune system and regulating various physiological processes. However, despite its importance, vitamin D deficiency is widespread, affecting populations around the world due to factors such as limited sun exposure, dietary habits and certain health conditions. Calcifediol has become particularly effective treatment of vitamin D deficiency due to its higher bioavailability and faster performance compared to other forms, such as cholecalciferol

Thirzepatide. A novelty in the treatment of obesity - literature review

Introduction Obesity results from a complex interplay of environmental, genetic, and behavioral factors, making it challenging to treat. Globally, the prevalence of obesity has tripled over the past fifty years. The WHO reports that 60% of Europeans are overweight or obese mainly due to sedentary lifestyles and poor dietary habits. Effective treatment of obesity requires a combination of lifestyle modifications, including diet and physical activity, and pharmacological interventions. In 2023 a new drug - tirzepatide was registered. The purpose of this study is to discuss the mechanisms of action of tirzepatide, its safety and its effectiveness in body mass reduction, as well as its comparison with other available drug. Aim of the Study The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of current treatments for obesity, with particular emphasis on the role of recent development in pharmacotherapy - the introduction of tirzeptide. The study aims to discuss the mechanisms of action of tirzepatide, its safety and its effectiveness in body mass reduction, as well as its comparison with semaglutide. Materials and methods A review of the literature collected in the PubMed database was performed to gather information found under the keywords: tirzepatide, obesity, obesity treatment Conclusions Studies have shown that tirzepatide is more effective in weight loss than placebo and semaglutide, and reduces cardiovascular and metabolic risks. Furthermore, it does not increase the risk of serious adverse events or mortality compared to placebo, and its main side effects manifested by gastrointestinal symptoms are described as mild to moderate

The present and future of prostate cancer. The importance of physical activity - a comprehensive review of the literature

Introduction: Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting men worldwide, which poses a serious health risk due to its high incidence and impact on quality of life. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition, the management of advanced and aggressive forms of the disease remains complex. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study is to review current diagnostic methods, treatment strategies and prognostic factors in prostate cancer, that a particular focus on personalized medicine and multidisciplinary approaches to improve patient outcomes. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed sources and other scientific databases, focusing on currently available publications. The literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: “prostate cancer” “prostate cancer diagnosis”, “prostate cancer treatment”, “personalized medicine for prostate cancer”, “physical activity in prostate cancer”. The review included studies on prostate cancer epidemiology, pathogenesis, advances in diagnosis, treatment, physical activity and future research directions. Conclusions: Advances in diagnostic technologies and emerging new therapies have significantly improved the prognosis for patients with prostate cancer. However, continued research and commitment to personalized treatment strategies are essential to meet the challenges of advanced disease. Multidisciplinary collaboration and patient-centered care remain key to optimizing outcomes and improving quality of life for prostate cancer patients

Level of knowledge of Stereotypic Movement Disorders among paediatric population. An update on proper differential diagnosis and management including physical exercise approach - comprehensive literature review

Stereotypies stand out as the most debated aspect within the spectrum of repetitive behaviors observed in childhood, which encompass mannerisms,habits, compulsions, tics, and other sudden movements. Stereotypies refer to a repetitive, persistent, often rhythmic pattern of non-purposeful motor actions that may disrupt social interaction, academic performance, or other daily activities, and can potentially lead to physical harm. Many young children exhibit stereotyped behaviors, such as thumb sucking. In older children and adults, repetitive behaviors like finger tapping or drumming, self-stimulatory actions (e.g., masturbation) or leg shaking, may occur in response to boredom. These behaviors differ from Stereotyped Movement Disorder because they do not significantly interfere with daily activities nor cause self-inflicted bodily injury severe enough to warrant independent clinical attention. Stereotyped movements are commonly categorized into two groups: primary and secondary, based on the presence of additional signs or symptoms. The former are perceived as physiological, as opposed to the latter, which are considered pathological. There is growing evidence supporting a neurobiological mechanism despite some perceiving stereotypic movements as behaviors aimed at modifying arousal states. Both behavioral and pharmacological treatments have been employed with mixed results, hence, there is a need for further research in this area, including physical exercise. Conclusively, a more profound comprehension of the underlying risk factors and biology of motor stereotypies will eventually bring us nearer to developing more effective targeted therapies, which will alleviate the suffering of children who are affected

Autoimmune pancreatitis type 1 and type 2: what we know so far

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a unique form of chronic pancreatitis characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, pancreatic fibrosis, and responsiveness to steroid therapy. It is classified into two histological subtypes: Type 1 (Lymphoplasmacytic Sclerosing Pancreatitis, LPSP) and Type 2 (Idiopathic Duct-centric Pancreatitis, IDCP). Type 1 AIP, associated with IgG4-related disease, typically affects older males and often involves other organs, whereas Type 2 AIP, more common in younger patients and linked to inflammatory bowel diseases, is limited to the pancreas. Diagnosis, which differentiates AIP from pancreatic cancer, relies on histopathology, imaging, serology, organ involvement, and steroid responsiveness, guided by the Mayo Clinic HISORt and International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria (ICDC). The pathogenesis of AIP involves complex immunological, genetic, and environmental factors, with Type 1 characterized by IgG4-producing plasma cells and Type 2 by granulocytic infiltration. Treatment predominantly involves corticosteroids, effective for both types but with a higher relapse rate in Type 2, necessitating long-term immunosuppressive therapies such as azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and rituximab. Emerging biological therapies targeting specific immune pathways show promise. This review highlights the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches for AIP, emphasizing the need for ongoing research to improve diagnostic accuracy and develop more effective, targeted treatments

The role of iodine in thyroid function and iodine impact on the course of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis - review

Introduction: Iodine is one of the most important micronutrients necessary for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland. It is an essential component of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, hormones produced and secreted by the thyroid gland. Severe iodine deficiency impairs thyroid hormone synthesis and can lead to gland enlargement. This deficiency results in various disorders collectively termed iodine deficiency disorders. Not only iodine deficiency but also excess iodine intake can be harmful and affect thyroid function. Doses of iodine above physiological levels can result in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Numerous studies have linked chronic high iodine intake to an increased frequency of autoimmune thyroiditis. This review examines the mechanisms of iodine regulation and the role of excess iodine can play in the development of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to present and summarize the role of iodine in thyroid function and its impact on the course of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. This review explains the potential increased risk of thyroid autoimmune disorder connected with iodine over-supplementation. Materials and Methods: For this current literature review, the important studies published from 1986-2024 in PubMed database was searched. The literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed with the following keywords: iodine, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, autoimmune thyroiditis. Conclusion: Iodine is crucial for thyroid health and fetal development, but its excessive intake can be harmful. Maintaining optimal levels of this microelement is essential to prevent both iodine deficiency and autoimmune disorders. Iodine supplementation is recommended only for pregnant and lactating women