ICP-MS trace-element analysis as a forensic tool

Careful tracing of evidence at the site of a crime must be performed before suspects can be convicted of a crime or homicide. Fingerprints and ballistic control samples are important evidence. A common method used to examine lead bullets is comparison of physical properties such as weight, dimensions, shape, and distinctive markings. However ballistic investigations, for example comparison of characteristic scratches and marks left on fired bullets, do not always give sufficient information. Ballistic abrasion patterns can change for a variety of reasons, e.g. deformation or mechanical strain. Sometimes only particles remain in a victim's body. In such cases trace-element composition and lead-isotope ratios can be compared with those of controls. Elemental composition of particles and deformed bullets have been compared with the elemental fingerprints and isotope ratios of potential bullet types found on suspects. The applicability of the method was studied for two different cases. Data interpretation and several limitations of the technique are also discussed in this pape

Lethal Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Wood Pellet Storerooms—Two Cases and a Review of the Literature

The installation of wood pellet heating as a cost-effective and climatically neutral source of energy for private households has increased steadily in recent years. We report two deaths that occurred within the space of about a year in wood pellet storerooms of private households in German-speaking countries and were investigated by forensic medical teams. This is the first report of fatalities in this special context as is shown in the literature review. Both victims died of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning; one of the victims was a woman who was 4 months pregnant. Measurements at the scene detected life-threatening CO concentrations (7500 ppm, >500 ppm), which were not significantly reduced after ventilation of the storerooms as required by regulations. We carried out a series of experiments in order to confirm CO production by wood pellets. Thirty kilograms of freshly produced pellets from two different manufacturers were stored for 16 days in airtight containers at 26°C with different relative humidities. CO concentrations between 3100 and 4700 ppm were measured in all containers. There were no notable differences between the wood pellet products or storage at different humidities. Emission of CO from wood pellets has already been described, but fatal accidents have previously been reported only in association with pellet transport on cargo ships or storage in silos. It is therefore a new finding that fatal accidents may also occur in the wood pellet storerooms of private households. We show that significant CO concentrations can build up even when these rooms are ventilated in accordance with the regulations and that such levels may cause the death of healthy persons, as described in the following. As the safety recommendations from the wood pellet industry are inadequate, we consider that further fatal accidents are likely to occur and recommend urgent revision of the safety regulation

Modulation of cardiac Ca2+ channels in Xenopus oocytes by protein kinase C

L-Type calcium channel was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with RNAs coding for different cardiac Cu2+ channel subunits, or with total heart RNA. The effects of activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by the phorbol ester PMA (4β-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) were studied. Currents through channels composed of the main (1) subunit alone were initially increased and then decreased by PMA. A similar biphasic modulation was observed when the 1 subunit was expressed in combination with 2/δ, β and/or γ subunits, and when the channels were expressed following injection of total rat heart RNA. No effects on the voltage dependence of activation were observed. The effects of PMA were blocked by staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor. β subunit moderated the enhancement caused by PMA. We conclude that both enhancement and inhibition of cardiac L-type Ca2+ currents by PKC are mediated via an effect on the 1 subunit, while the β subunit may play a mild modulatory role

Search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at √ s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Results of a search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum are reported. The search uses 20.3 fb−1 of √ s = 8 TeV data collected in 2012 with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Events are required to have at least one jet with pT > 120 GeV and no leptons. Nine signal regions are considered with increasing missing transverse momentum requirements between Emiss T > 150 GeV and Emiss T > 700 GeV. Good agreement is observed between the number of events in data and Standard Model expectations. The results are translated into exclusion limits on models with either large extra spatial dimensions, pair production of weakly interacting dark matter candidates, or production of very light gravitinos in a gauge-mediated supersymmetric model. In addition, limits on the production of an invisibly decaying Higgs-like boson leading to similar topologies in the final state are presente

SUMOylation and calcium signalling: potential roles in the brain and beyond

Small ubiquitin-like modi er (SUMO) conjugation (or SUMOylation) is a post-translational protein modi cation implicated in alterations to protein expression, localization and func- tion. Despite a number of nuclear roles for SUMO being well characterized, this process has only started to be explored in relation to membrane proteins, such as ion channels. Cal- cium ion (Ca2+) signalling is crucial for the normal functioning of cells and is also involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying relevant neurological and cardiovascu- lar diseases. Intracellular Ca2+ levels are tightly regulated; at rest, most Ca2+ is retained in organelles, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum, or in the extracellular space, whereas depolarization triggers a series of events leading to Ca2+ entry, followed by extrusion and reuptake. The mechanisms that maintain Ca2+ homoeostasis are candidates for modulation at the post-translational level. Here, we review the effects of protein SUMOylation, including Ca2+ channels, their proteome and other proteins associated with Ca2+ signalling, on vital cellular functions, such as neurotransmission within the central nervous system (CNS) and in additional systems, most prominently here, in the cardiac system

International genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new primary biliary cirrhosis risk loci and targetable pathogenic pathways.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a classical autoimmune liver disease for which effective immunomodulatory therapy is lacking. Here we perform meta-analyses of discovery data sets from genome-wide association studies of European subjects (n=2,764 cases and 10,475 controls) followed by validation genotyping in an independent cohort (n=3,716 cases and 4,261 controls). We discover and validate six previously unknown risk loci for PBC (Pcombined<5 × 10(-8)) and used pathway analysis to identify JAK-STAT/IL12/IL27 signalling and cytokine-cytokine pathways, for which relevant therapies exist