Response rates for the Survey of English Housing (SEH) and CityForm questionnaire.

<p>A full breakdown of CityForm questionnaire response rates for the three study areas in each city can be found in Gaston et al. (2007).</p

Equations used to estimate tree biomass (B).

<p>Forest types were defined for each transect based on rainfall data from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0074148#pone.0074148-Silva1" target="_blank">[36]</a>. In the equations, d stands for specific wood density, h for height and D for d.b.h.</p

Analysis of deviance models (GLM with binomial errors and logit link function) used to detect differences between the proportions of households providing food for birds across household characteristic categories, within the Survey for English Housing (SEH) and CityForm questionnaire.

<p>Analysis of deviance models (GLM with binomial errors and logit link function) used to detect differences between the proportions of households providing food for birds across household characteristic categories, within the Survey for English Housing (SEH) and CityForm questionnaire.</p

Map of São Tomé.

<p>The inset in the bottom right shows the location of the island in Africa (hollow dot). The contour lines are showing the three sampling regions: Montane (between 800 and 1400 m a.s.l.), North (up to 800 m a.s.l. and less than 2000 mm of annual rainfall) and South (up to 800 m a.s.l. and more than 3000 mm of annual rainfall). Each dot in the main map represents a transect, which is coloured according to the land-use sampled: black – old-growth forest; dark grey – secondary forest; light grey – shade plantation; and white – non-forested. The capital, São Tomé, is signed by a black square.</p

The proportion of households recorded within the CityForm questionnaire that regularly (i.e., at least once a week) provided food for birds in the outside space associated with their dwelling, for the two household characteristics that were found to be significant predictors of participation in regular bird feeding activity: (i) <i>Age of Householder</i>, and; (ii) <i>Gross Annual Household Income</i>.

<p>Letters denote, within each household characteristic dataset, which categories have significantly different proportions of households feeding birds.</p

Correlation coefficient between AGC (Mg ha⁻¹) and species abundance.

<p>Each circle shows the Spearman correlation coefficient value for each bird (a) or tree (b) species, at the transect level. Filled circles signal significant correlation values. Species are grouped in endemic (End) and non-endemic (Non). Boxplots show the 25^th, 50^th and 75^th percentiles, with whiskers giving a 95% confidence interval. Note that the scales in a) are different from the ones in b).</p

Deforestation avoided by REDD+ per country, expressed in percentage of forest area per year.

<p>Two possible scenarios are presented; a) not valuing biodiversity and b) attributing a maximum value of up to $10,000 per hectare. Countries are ranked by the percentage of avoided deforestation in the scenario a). An horizontal line signals worldwide deforestation avoided in both scenarios; 0.23 and 0.30% respectively. Grey circles show the logarithm of base 10 of the number of endemic forest bird island species for each country, with STP represented by the grey-filled circle. Negative values indicate that REDD+ is promoting deforestation, instead of avoiding.</p

Relationships between aboveground carbon stocks (AGC) and species richness (SR) at the land-use level.

<p>The dots’ colours represent land-use; old-growth forest (black), secondary forest (dark grey), shade plantation (light grey) and non-forested (white). Horizontal bars identify the 25^th and 75^th percentile for AGC, while the vertical ones identify the 95% confidence intervals obtained from sample-based rarefaction curves. Small case letters indicate the grouping of land-uses by SR, with <i>a</i> representing the richest and <i>c</i> the poorest. The AGC was significantly higher in old-growth forest than in any other land-use, followed by shade plantation, secondary forest and non-forested land-uses, which was only not significantly smaller from secondary forest.</p

Correlation between AGC and observed species richness at the transect level.

<p>Significance levels: ^n.s. - >0.05;</p>*<p>- <0.05;</p>**<p>- <0.001.</p><p>Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients for the different land-uses; old-growth forest – Old, secondary forest – Sec, shade plantation – Shd, non-forested – Non and all together – All. Corresponding significance levels are are also shown, with significant correlations (p≤0.05) evidenced in bold.</p

The location of the five British cities (E, Edinburgh; G, Glasgow; L, Leicester; O, Oxford; S, Sheffield) sampled during the CityForm survey, the data from which were subsequently used to investigate whether and how the socioeconomic and sociodemographic background of a household influences participation in wild bird feeding activity.

<p>The location of the five British cities (E, Edinburgh; G, Glasgow; L, Leicester; O, Oxford; S, Sheffield) sampled during the CityForm survey, the data from which were subsequently used to investigate whether and how the socioeconomic and sociodemographic background of a household influences participation in wild bird feeding activity.</p