L’histoire du livre

A história do livro é uma invenção alemã nascida das celebrações de Gutenberg, festejadas anualmente naquele país. No último terço do século XIX, em França, Durkheim desenvolveu uma escola sociológica influente que pretendeu anexar a história. Contra o que se opôs um dos seus companheiros da Escola superior normal, Henri Berr. Desde logo acompanhado pelo jovem Lucien Febvre, criou a Revue de synthèse que abriu caminho aos Annales e fundou a colecção da Evolution de L'Humanité, cujos cem volumes deveriam estudar os grandes momentos da história humana. De entre os volumes previstos, figurava um dedicado à Apparition du Livre que demorou a surgir. Paralelamente Berr e Febvre organizaram um trabalho interdisciplinar fecundo, o primeiro com o Centre de Synthése, o segundo com a publicação de uma Encyclo­pédie française, o que renovou a escola histórica francesa. A Apparition du Livre, publicada em 1959, inscreve-se neste contexto, mas ficou de certa forma incompleta na medida em que se deveria ter inscrito, mais claramente, no quadro de uma história geral das comunicações que se começa hoje a desenvolver.L'histoire du livre est une invention allemande, née des célébrations de Gutenberg feté annuel­lement dans ce pays. En France, dans le dernier tiers du XIXe siècle, Durkheim développa une école sociologique influente qui prétendit annexer l'histoire, ce contre quoi un de ses camara­des de l'Ecole normale supérieure, Henri Berr, s'éleva. Très tôt secondé par le jeune Lucien Febvre, il créa la Revue de synthèse qui prépara la route aux Annales et fonda la collection de l'Evolution de l'humanité dont les cent volumes devaient étudier les grands moments de l'histoire humaine. Parmi les volumes prévus figurait une Apparition du livre qui tarda à voir le jour. Parallèlement Berr et Febvre organisèrent le premier avec un Centre de synthèse, le second avec la publication d'une Encyclopédie française, un travail interdisciplinaire fécond qui favorisa le renouvellement et l'essor de l'école historique française. L'Apparition du livre, publiée en 1959, s'inscrit dans ce contexte mais elle resta en quelque sorte incomplète dans la mesure oú elle aurait du s'inscrire plus nettement dans le cadre d'une histoire générale des communications qui commence seulement à se développer aujourd'hui

Myths and lessons of liberal intervention: The British campaign for the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade to Brazil

This is the Pre-print version of the Article. The official published version can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2012 Martinus NijhoffThis article takes issue with recent references to the British nineteenth century campaign for the abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade to Brazil that serve to bolster interventionist or imperialist agendas. In particular, such accounts reproduce two and a half myths about the campaign: that it can serve as a model for the present age; that the success of the campaign can be explained through the actions of the intervening party alone (with a corresponding neglect of those of the ‘target’ state); and the half-myth that the campaign’s success was due to military action (at the expense of institutional (legal) and normative factors and the capacity of the target state). I argue instead that this case – and interventions more generally – would benefit from an analysis that considers the role of force in relation to a series of residual institutional and cultural constraints within the liberal state and to political conditions in the target state. In light of the complexities and contingencies that these factors present the underlying lesson is that military force should be used sparingly, if at all

Organogels from trehalose difatty esters amphiphiles

International audienceSaccharide diesters have been recently shown to be excellent gelators of vegetable oils. In this paper, different fatty acid trehalose diesters were synthesized by a selective enzymatic transesterification performed only on the primary hydroxyl group of the trehalose. The resulting trehalose diesters demonstrated their ability to self-assemble in a large variety of edible vegetable oils with a minimum gelation concentration of 0.25 wt%/v. Microscopic analysis and X-ray scattering studies indicate that the gels are obtained by the self-assembly of trehalose diesters in crystalline fibers constituting the tridimensional network. The rheological study revealed that the properties of the gels depend on the kind of fatty acid grafted on the trehalose but are also influenced by the vegetable oil composition

Device for making a part of a composite material by resin-transfert moulding

The invention relates to a device (IO) for ma.king a part of a composite material by resin-transfer moulding, that includes a manufacturing mould (IO) in which is placed a blank (1) of the part to be impregnated with resin, characterised in that the manufacturing mould (20) is divided into a matrix (21) and one or more mobile structural members (22) to be indexed on the matrix (21), the whole defining, after assembly, an imprint corresponding to the shape of the part to be manufactured.FUI 072906222 projet CAPSAIRT