Acordo de Livre Comércio com a UE: a vulnerabilidade dos produtos industriais produzidos pelo Mercosul à competição européia [Free Trade Agreement - EU and Mercosur: vulnerability of Mercosur products to European competition]

The UE and Mercosur are currently negotiating a free trade agreement. The offer made by Mercosur reflects its production and protection structure and is more "generous" to agriculture than to industry. In fact, the main competitive fragilities of Mercosur are concentrated in manufactured goods while European competitive fragilities are concentrated in the agriculture sector. As the UE has an important market share in the Mercosur countries, it poses a major threat to the domestic producers. Our paper seeks to identify, at a disaggregated level, the Mercosur manufactured goods for which the growth of the European manufacture exports can represent a threat. We consider that trade growth depends on the existence of complementarity between the two regions and the existence of a margin for liberalization in the destination market, and that the greater the trade among Mercosur countries the greater the threat from European goods to local produces.free trade agreement, manufactured goods, Mercosur, European Union

EXTERNAL TRADE EFFECTS ON WOMAN EMPLOYMENT: THE CASE OF BRAZIL

A teoria tradicional de comércio reconhece que o comércio internacional traz conseqüências diferenciadas para os diversos grupos sociais. Uma crescente literatura vem chamando a atenção para os efeitos destes fenômenos em termos de gênero, devido às mudanças de preços ou de volume das mercadorias ou do emprego. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar, do ponto de vista de gênero, mudanças recentes no comércio exterior brasileiro, focalizando os efeitos sobre o emprego feminino. Para tal, calcula-se o conteúdo de emprego feminino e masculino do comércio exterior brasileiro, total e segundo parceiros comerciais e levando-se em conta não somente o emprego direto mas também o indiretamente associado ao comércio. É considerado também o grau de qualificação da mão-de-obra, cuja proxy utilizada é o número de anos de estudo, uma vez que o comércio pode gerar impactos distributivos diferenciados. A análise leva em conta a evolução recente mas também simula os impactos no caso da realização de acordos comerciais com parceiros selecionados. Os resultados refletem a especialização comercial brasileira e a intensidade de mão-de-obra dos setores. Em termos de mão-de-obra total, o Brasil aparece como um exportador líquido de mão-de-obra, sobretudo de baixa qualificação. Os resultados para o emprego feminino são similares em alguns pontos: o saldo em termos de emprego é positivo e cresceu entre 1995 e 2005. Porém, a presença feminina no emprego associado ao comércio é menos importante do que a presença masculina, sendo o “saldo” de empregos femininos associado ao comércio exterior de apenas 3,5% do número total de mulheres ocupadas (diante de 6% para a mão-de-obra total). Outra diferença importante é que, acompanhando uma característica do mercado de trabalho em geral, o emprego feminino associado ao comércio é relativamente mais qualificado que o masculino. O artigo conclui indicando o que poderia acontecer com o emprego em função de uma intensificação do comércio com determinado(s) parceiro(s).The traditional trade theory recognizes that the consequences of international trade differ according to social groups. An increasing literature emphasizes the effect of these phenomena in terms of gender. This, because of the impact of trade changes in terms of prices and quantities of goods but also of labor. The objective of this work is to analyze the effects of recent changes in the Brazilian external trade from a gender point of view, focusing on its impact on the feminine labor force. With this purpose, I calculate the feminine and masculine labor content of Brazilian trade. It takes into account not only the direct but also the indirect labor content and it also distinguishes labor force by qualification, which proxy is the years of schooling. The effects are estimated both for total and geographical disaggregated trade flows, in order to reveal differences among trade with different partners and also to demonstrate that trade agreements have different gender impacts. The results reflect the Brazilian trade specialization and the labor force intensity of the sectors. In terms of total labor force, Brazil appears as a net labor exporter, mainly of low qualification. The results for the feminine labor force are similar in some points: the balance in terms of jobs is positive and grew between 1995 and 2005. However, the number of feminine jobs associated to trade represents only 3.5% of the total female employment, which is less important than for men. Another important difference is that, following a characteristic of the work market in general, feminine jobs related to trade is relatively more qualified than the masculine ones

Upstream and downstream process development of a Vero cell-based yellow fever vaccine

Yellow fever (YF) is a lethal viral disease that is endemic in some tropical regions of South America, Central America and Africa. An attenuated vaccine produced in embryonated eggs is available since the 1930’s and is known to be highly effective and safe. However, after large vaccination campaigns in the 2000’s, reports of rare, but serious adverse events have stimulated Biomanguinhos/FIOCRUZ, who produces the current attenuated 17DD vaccine, to develop a new, inactivated vaccine. Over the last years, through a partnership of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and Biomanguinhos/FIOCRUZ, both upstream and downstream processes were developed. The upstream process was established based on Vero cell cultivation on microcarriers in serum-free medium, using stirred-tank bioreactors. The first studies were carried out in spinner flasks to select the microcarrier type and the serum-free medium. Also, statistical DOE tools were used to study the infection step, varying the moiety of infection and the time of infection. This process was then scale-up to stirred-tank bioreactors and further optimized regarding microcarrier concentration, stepwise medium addition, dissolved oxygen level/sparging intensity, impeller configuration and time of harvest. The final upstream process that was established results in virus titers of 10^8 pfu/mL within a time frame 144h post inoculation of the cells in the bioreactor. The downstream process was designed priorizing chromatographic techniques, aiming at achieving high purity levels and extensive removal of process-related critical contaminants, such as DNA and host-cell proteins (HCP), as preconized by the regulatory authorities. For the capture step, both cation- and anion-exchange chromatographies were evaluated. A Q membrane adsorber process was selected and the best operational conditions in terms of pH, temperature, buffers and washing strategies were determined. For the second purification step, three techniques were evaluated: multimodal chromatography, ultrafiltration/diafiltration, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography using a HIC membrane adsorber. The multimodal resin showed the best results, and operational conditions of this step were further optimized. The final 2-step yellow-fever virus purification process resulted in an overall yield of 52% and residual HCP of 350 ppm (0.05%). Residual DNA was 1.2 ng per dose, considering the dose established based on animal studies, and is in agreement with the limit recommended by the World Health Organization (\u3c10 ng/dose). Electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE) of the purified samples showed a band corresponding to 96% of identified proteins with molecular mass of 56 kDa, which is the expected mass for the virus envelope protein (E). Anti-E Western blot (WB) showed a single band, confirming the identity of the samples. No band was revealed in the anti-HCP blot, confirming the low HCP levels quantified. The developed process allows the production of a new, high-purity yellow-fever vaccine through a scalable technology, which is better suited than egg-based technology to meet emergency demands in case of epidemics and is useful in the current scenario of increasing worldwide demand YF vaccine

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Habitar a metrópole: os apartamentos quitinetes de Adolf Franz Heep

The restructuring of the housing market and the emergence of a new housing typology in Sao Paulo from the mid-1940s, the kitchenette apartment, coincided with changes in the parameters that guided disciplinary discourse and architectural practice in Brazil. Analyze the moment the new typology was formulated, their initial motivations and subsequent developments, allows not only to recover the trajectory of the German architect Adolf Franz Heep (1902-1978) as investigate the dialogue between European architectural avant-garde, the North-American experiences, the local architectural production and the local demands

Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests.Additional co-authors: Susan Laurance, William Laurance, Francoise Yoko Ishida, Andrew Marshall, Catherine Waite, Hannsjoerg Woell, Jean-Francois Bastin, Marijn Bauters, Hans Beeckman, Pfascal Boeckx, Jan Bogaert, Charles De Canniere, Thales de Haulleville, Jean-Louis Doucet, Olivier Hardy, Wannes Hubau, Elizabeth Kearsley, Hans Verbeeck, Jason Vleminckx, Steven W. Brewer, Alfredo Alarcón, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Eric Arets, Luzmila Arroyo, Ezequiel Chavez, Todd Fredericksen, René Guillén Villaroel, Gloria Gutierrez Sibauty, Timothy Killeen, Juan Carlos Licona, John Lleigue, Casimiro Mendoza, Samaria Murakami, Alexander Parada Gutierrez, Guido Pardo, Marielos Peña-Claros, Lourens Poorter, Marisol Toledo, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Laura Jessica Viscarra, Vincent Vos, Jorge Ahumada, Everton Almeida, Jarcilene Almeida, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Wesley Alves da Cruz, Atila Alves de Oliveira, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Flávio Amorim Obermuller, Ana Andrade, Fernanda Antunes Carvalho, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Ana Carla Aquino, Luiz Aragão, Ana Claudia Araújo, Marco Antonio Assis, Jose Ataliba Mantelli Aboin Gomes, Fabrício Baccaro, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Paulo Barni, Jorcely Barroso, Luis Carlos Bernacci, Kauane Bordin, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Igor Broggio, José Luís Camargo, Domingos Cardoso, Maria Antonia Carniello, Andre Luis Casarin Rochelle, Carolina Castilho, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro, Wendeson Castro, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Flávia Costa, Rodrigo Costa de Oliveira, Italo Coutinho, John Cunha, Lola da Costa, Lucia da Costa Ferreira, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Marta da Graça Zacarias Simbine, Vitor de Andrade Kamimura, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Lia de Oliveira Melo, Luciano de Queiroz, José Romualdo de Sousa Lima, Mário do Espírito Santo, Tomas Domingues, Nayane Cristina dos Santos Prestes, Steffan Eduardo Silva Carneiro, Fernando Elias, Gabriel Eliseu, Thaise Emilio, Camila Laís Farrapo, Letícia Fernandes, Gustavo Ferreira, Joice Ferreira, Leandro Ferreira, Socorro Ferreira, Marcelo Fragomeni Simon, Maria Aparecida Freitas, Queila S. García, Angelo Gilberto Manzatto, Paulo Graça, Frederico Guilherme, Eduardo Hase, Niro Higuchi, Mariana Iguatemy, Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa, Margarita Jaramillo, Carlos Joly, Joice Klipel, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Carolina Levis, Antonio S. Lima, Maurício Lima Dan, Aline Lopes, Herison Madeiros, William E. Magnusson, Rubens Manoel dos Santos, Beatriz Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Roberta Marotti Martelletti Grillo, Luiz Martinelli, Simone Matias Reis, Salomão Medeiros, Milton Meira-Junior, Thiago Metzker, Paulo Morandi, Natanael Moreira do Nascimento, Magna Moura, Sandra Cristina Müller, Laszlo Nagy, Henrique Nascimento, Marcelo Nascimento, Adriano Nogueira Lima, Raimunda Oliveira de Araújo, Jhonathan Oliveira Silva, Marcelo Pansonato, Gabriel Pavan Sabino, Karla Maria Pedra de Abreu, Pablo José Francisco Pena Rodrigues, Maria Piedade, Domingos Rodrigues, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Carlos Quesada, Eliana Ramos, Rafael Ramos, Priscyla Rodrigues, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Rafael Salomão, Flávia Santana, Marcos Scaranello, Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin, Juliana Schietti, Jochen Schöngart, Gustavo Schwartz, Natalino Silva, Marcos Silveira, Cristiana Simão Seixas, Marta Simbine, Ana Claudia Souza, Priscila Souza, Rodolfo Souza, Tereza Sposito, Edson Stefani Junior, Julio Daniel do Vale, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Dora Villela, Marcos Vital, Haron Xaud, Katia Zanini, Charles Eugene Zartman, Nur Khalish Hafizhah Ideris, Faizah binti Hj Metali, Kamariah Abu Salim, Muhd Shahruney Saparudin, Rafizah Mat Serudin, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Serge Begne, George Chuyong, Marie Noel Djuikouo, Christelle Gonmadje, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Bonaventure Sonké, Hermann Taedoumg, Lise Zemagho, Sean Thomas, Fidèle Baya, Gustavo Saiz, Javier Silva Espejo, Dexiang Chen, Alan Hamilton, Yide Li, Tushou Luo, Shukui Niu, Han Xu, Zhang Zhou, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Juan Carlos Andrés Escobar, Henry Arellano-Peña, Jaime Cabezas Duarte, Jhon Calderón, Lina Maria Corrales Bravo, Borish Cuadrado, Hermes Cuadros, Alvaro Duque, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Sandra Milena Espinosa, Rebeca Franke-Ante, Hernando García, Alejandro Gómez, Roy González-M., Álvaro Idárraga-Piedrahíta, Eliana Jimenez, Rubén Jurado, Wilmar López Oviedo, René López-Camacho, Omar Aurelio Melo Cruz, Irina Mendoza Polo, Edwin Paky, Karen Pérez, Angel Pijachi, Camila Pizano, Adriana Prieto, Laura Ramos, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, James Richardson, Elkin Rodríguez, Gina M. Rodriguez M., Agustín Rudas, Pablo Stevenson, Markéta Chudomelová, Martin Dancak, Radim Hédl, Stanislav Lhota, Martin Svatek, Jacques Mukinzi, Corneille Ewango, Terese Hart, Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu, Janvier Lisingo, Jean-Remy Makana, Faustin Mbayu, Benjamin Toirambe, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Lars Kvist, Gustav Nebel, Selene Báez, Carlos Céron, Daniel M. Griffith, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, David Neill, Walter Palacios, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Gorky Villa, Sheleme Demissie, Tadesse Gole, Techane Gonfa, Kalle Ruokolainen, Michel Baisie, Fabrice Bénédet, Wemo Betian, Vincent Bezard, Damien Bonal, Jerôme Chave, Vincent Droissart, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Annette Hladik, Nicolas Labrière, Pétrus Naisso, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Plinio Sist, Lilian Blanc, Benoit Burban, Géraldine Derroire, Aurélie Dourdain, Clement Stahl, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Eric Chezeaux, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Vincent Medjibe, Vianet Mihindou, Lee White, Heike Culmsee, Cristabel Durán Rangel, Viviana Horna, Florian Wittmann, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Ernest Foli, Michael Balinga, Anand Roopsind, James Singh, Raquel Thomas, Roderick Zagt, Indu K. Murthy, Kuswata Kartawinata, Edi Mirmanto, Hari Priyadi, Ismayadi Samsoedin, Terry Sunderland, Ishak Yassir, Francesco Rovero, Barbara Vinceti, Bruno Hérault, Shin-Ichiro Aiba, Kanehiro Kitayama, Armandu Daniels, Darlington Tuagben, John T. Woods, Muhammad Fitriadi, Alexander Karolus, Kho Lip Khoon, Noreen Majalap, Colin Maycock, Reuben Nilus, Sylvester Tan, Almeida Sitoe, Indiana Coronado G., Lucas Ojo, Rafael de Assis, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Douglas Sheil, Karen Arévalo Pezo, Hans Buttgenbach Verde, Victor Chama Moscoso, Jimmy Cesar Cordova Oroche, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Massiel Corrales Medina, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Jano de Rutte Corzo, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Luis Freitas, Darcy Galiano Cabrera, Roosevelt García Villacorta, Karina Garcia Cabrera, Diego García Soria, Leticia Gatica Saboya, Julio Miguel Grandez Rios, Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, Eurídice Honorio Coronado, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Yuri Tomas Huillca Aedo, Jose Luis Marcelo Peña, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Vanesa Moreano Rodriguez, Percy Núñez Vargas, Sonia Cesarina Palacios Ramos, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Antonio Peña Cruz, Freddy Ramirez Arevalo, José Reyna Huaymacari, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Marcos Antonio Ríos Paredes, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Rocio del Pilar Rojas Gonzales, Maria Elena Rojas Peña, Norma Salinas Revilla, Yahn Carlos Soto Shareva, Raul Tupayachi Trujillo, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Jim Vega Arenas, Christian Amani, Suspense Averti Ifo, Yannick Bocko, Patrick Boundja, Romeo Ekoungoulou, Mireille Hockemba, Donatien Nzala, Alusine Fofanah, David Taylor, Guillermo Bañares-de Dios, Luis Cayuela, Íñigo Granzow-de la Cerda, Manuel Macía, Juliana Stropp, Maureen Playfair, Verginia Wortel, Toby Gardner, Robert Muscarella, Hari Priyadi, Ervan Rutishauser, Kuo-Jung Chao, Pantaleo Munishi, Olaf Bánki, Frans Bongers, Rene Boot, Gabriella Fredriksson, Jan Reitsma, Hans ter Steege, Tinde van Andel, Peter van de Meer, Peter van der Hout, Mark van Nieuwstadt, Bert van Ulft, Elmar Veenendaal, Ronald Vernimmen, Pieter Zuidema, Joeri Zwerts, Perpetra Akite, Robert Bitariho, Colin Chapman, Eilu Gerald, Miguel Leal, Patrick Mucunguzi, Miguel Alexiades, Timothy R. Baker, Karina Banda, Lindsay Banin, Jos Barlow, Amy Bennett, Erika Berenguer, Nicholas Berry, Neil M. Bird, George A. Blackburn, Francis Brearley, Roel Brienen, David Burslem, Lidiany Carvalho, Percival Cho, Fernanda Coelho, Murray Collins, David Coomes, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Greta Dargie, Kyle Dexter, Mat Disney, Freddie Draper, Muying Duan, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Robert Ewers, Belen Fadrique, Sophie Fauset, Ted R. Feldpausch, Filipe França, David Galbraith, Martin Gilpin, Emanuel Gloor, John Grace, Keith Hamer, David Harris, Tommaso Jucker, Michelle Kalamandeen, Bente Klitgaard, Aurora Levesley, Simon L. Lewis, Jeremy Lindsell, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Jon Lovett, Yadvinder Malhi, Toby Marthews, Emma McIntosh, Karina Melgaço, William Milliken, Edward Mitchard, Peter Moonlight, Sam Moore, Alexandra Morel, Julie Peacock, Kelvin Peh, Colin Pendry, R. Toby Pennington, Luciana de Oliveira Pereira, Carlos Peres, Oliver L. Phillips, Georgia Pickavance, Thomas Pugh, Lan Qie, Terhi Riutta, Katherine Roucoux, Casey Ryan, Tiina Sarkinen, Camila Silva Valeria, Dominick Spracklen, Suzanne Stas, Martin Sullivan, Michael Swaine, Joey Talbot, James Taplin, Geertje van der Heijden, Laura Vedovato, Simon Willcock, Mathew Williams, Luciana Alves, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Gabriel Arellano, Cheryl Asa, Peter Ashton, Gregory Asner, Terry Brncic, Foster Brown, Robyn Burnham, Connie Clark, James Comiskey, Gabriel Damasco, Stuart Davies, Tony Di Fiore, Terry Erwin, William Farfan-Rios, Jefferson Hall, David Kenfack, Thomas Lovejoy, Roberta Martin, Olga Martha Montiel, John Pipoly, Nigel Pitman, John Poulsen, Richard Primack, Miles Silman, Marc Steininger, Varun Swamy, John Terborgh, Duncan Thomas, Peter Umunay, Maria Uriarte, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Ophelia Wang, Kenneth Young, Gerardo A. Aymard C., Lionel Hernández, Rafael Herrera Fernández, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Pedro Salcedo, Elio Sanoja, Julio Serrano, Armando Torres-Lezama, Tinh Cong Le, Trai Trong Le, Hieu Dang Tra

Acordo de Livre Comércio com a UE: a vulnerabilidade dos produtos industriais produzidos pelo Mercosul à competição européia

The UE and Mercosur are currently negotiating a free trade agreement. The offer made by Mercosur reflects its production and protection structure and is more "generous" to agriculture than to industry. In fact, the main competitive fragilities of Mercosur are concentrated in manufactured goods while European competitive fragilities are concentrated in the agriculture sector. As the UE has an important market share in the Mercosur countries, it poses a major threat to the domestic producers. Our paper seeks to identify, at a disaggregated level, the Mercosur manufactured goods for which the growth of the European manufacture exports can represent a threat. We consider that trade growth depends on the existence of complementarity between the two regions and the existence of a margin for liberalization in the destination market, and that the greater the trade among Mercosur countries the greater the threat from European goods to local produces

Acordo de livre comércio com a UE: a vulnerabilidade dos produtos industriais produzidos pelo Mercosul à competição européia

A União Européia e o Mercosul estão atualmente em negociação para a formação de um acordo de livre comércio. A proposta feita pelo Mercosul reflete sua estrutura de produção e de proteção, sendo conseqüentemente mais generosa no setor agrícola do que no industrial. Na realidade, as principais fragilidades competitivas dos países do Mercosul encontram-se concentradas nesses últimos bens, e a UE, por ter importante parcela de mercado nesses países, representa ameaça significativa para os produtores domésticos. Neste artigo, utiliza-se uma metodologia simples para identificar os produtos manufaturados mais vulneráveis ao crescimento das exportações européias. Consideramos que o crescimento do  comércio depende da existência de complementaridade entre as duas regiões, da existência de uma margem de liberalização e que a ameaça da UE aos produtores locais é tão mais intensa quanto maior o comércio intramercosul

Encadeamentos produtivos das atividades exportadoras na América Latina : o caso dos setores industriais no Brasil

The table of contents for this item can be shared with the requester. The requester may then choose one chapter, up to 10% of the item, as per the Fair Dealing provision of the Canadian Copyright ActO desempenho do comércio exterior brasileiro e das exportações em particular foi bem diferente nas duas últimas décadas. A primeira foi marcada por profundas mudanças institucionais, refletindo a mudança no padrão de desenvolvimento da economia brasileira, mas que, porém, conjugou baixo crescimento do PIB com fraco desempenho das exportações. Já a presente década, em contraste, se caracterizou por altas taxas de crescimento da produção e do comércio exterior, em um contexto de forte dinamismo do comércio internacional. Para a indústria nacional as mudanças descritas acima se refletiram em uma redução do apoio estatal, em uma exposição sem precedentes à concorrência internacional e em forte crescimento de suas exportações. Ao mesmo tempo, constata-se que as atividades industriais vêm perdendo espaço no PIB desde o final dos anos 80 e que, dentre as atividades industriais, aquelas intensivas em recursos naturais têm ganhado importância. As discussões descritas, embora tenham uma natureza macroeconômica, sugerem que diferentes especializações têm impactos diferenciados sobre o desenvolvimento de um país, chamando a atenção para a relevância de aspectos microeconômicos na análise das exportações. No presente trabalho, procedemos a uma análise microeconômica e para tal analisaremos as conseqüências das exportações em termos de efeito dinamizador sobre a economia (através do exame dos efeitos de encadeamento produtivo das exportações) e também seus efeitos sobre o emprego. Adicionalmente, buscou-se avaliar a evolução das políticas de incentivo e promoção às exportações. Essa análise é feita em dois tempos: em um primeiro momento, se faz uma análise dos temas mencionados para todos os setores agrícolas e industriais; em um segundo momento, detalhamos tal análise para dois setores: alimentos e automobilística