Actividad antiviral de pequeños RNAs endógenos y supresión de silenciamiento génico por la proteína 16K del virus del cascabeleo del tabaco (TRV)

[EN] During viral infections, the outcome of the infective process is a net balance between the compatible and defence interactions. When a virus infects the eukaryotic cell, it must deal with different host defence mechanisms among which RNA silencing is part of the initial plant innate defence response. RNA silencing in plants has the role of restraining viral proliferation in the infected cell and therefore regulates the equilibrium between viral load and plant cell integrity that is key for the plant-virus compatibility. The virus itself is inductor, target and suppressor of the RNA silencing in plants. Viral silencing suppressor proteins (VSR) counteract host antiviral silencing and modify the host gene expression programme to generate a permissive environment for compatible infections. In this PhD thesis we have studied the interface between viral and plant RNA silencing in the context of a compatible infection. Using Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) as a model viral system and Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana as host model systems, we have dissected the role of endogenous small RNAs to promote gene silencing responses to viral sequences. Our results point to possible functional interactions between miRNAs and complementary sequences in viral genomes even though the role of those interactions as a viral proliferation controls mechanisms is not part of this thesis. We have found that TRV 16K silencing suppressor protein effects play a central role to dictate the way the TRV and plant RNA silencing interact. The 16K protein avoids, partially, the assembly of silencing effectors complexes and thus compromises the impact of antiviral vsiRNAs-mediated and endogenous small RNAs-mediated RNA silencing. The suppressor effect of TRV does not have a significant impact on the miRNAs content, relative composition and activity although we cannot discard an effect on the metabolisms of some particular miRNA species.[ES] En las infecciones por virus, el desenlace del proceso infectivo debe entenderse como el resultado neto de las interacciones compatibles y de defensa entre el virus y la planta hospedadora. Cuando un virus entra en una célula eucariota debe lidiar con la activación de diferentes mecanismos de defensa del huésped. El silenciamiento génico mediado por RNA constituye una primera línea de defensa innata de la planta, siendo los propios virus inductores, dianas y supresores de este sistema de defensa. Las plantas a través del silenciamiento génico son capaces de limitar la proliferación viral en las células infectadas permitiendo un delicado equilibrio entre la multiplicación del virus y la integridad celular. Sobre este equilibrio se fundamenta la relación de compatibilidad en la interacción planta-virus. En este escenario, los virus utilizan sus proteínas supresoras de silenciamiento (VSR) para modular los efectos antivirales del silenciamiento y reprogramar la expresión génica del huésped proporcionando un entorno favorable para el desarrollo de la infección compatible Con este trabajo hemos abordado el modo en que los virus interaccionan con el silenciamiento génico en el contexto de una infección compatible. Empleando el virus del cascabeleo del tabaco (TRV) como sistema viral y Nicotiana. benthamiana y Arabidopsis thaliana como modelos de huésped, hemos indagado en el potencial de los pequeños RNAs (sRNAs) endógenos para guiar procesos de silenciamiento sobre secuencias virales. Nuestros resultados suLa manera en que TRV interacciona con la ruta de silenciamiento está condicionada gieren la posibilidad de interacciones funcionales entre microRNAs (miRNAs) y secuencias complementarias en el genoma del virus, si bien su relevancia como mecanismo de control de la proliferación viral no se ha estudiado en este trabajo. por el efecto supresor de la proteína 16K. Esta proteína impide, al menos parcialmente, el ensamblaje de los complejos efectores de silenciamiento y puede por tanto comprometer el efecto del silenciamiento antiviral dependiente de sRNAs tanto virales (vsiRNAs) como endógenos. El efecto supresor de TRV no parece perturbar globalmente el contenido, composición relativa y actividad de los miRNAs, si bien no es descartable que induzca alteraciones en el metabolismo de especies concretas.[CA] En les infeccions per virus, el desenllaç del procés infectiu ha d'entendre's com el resultat net de les interaccions compatibles i de defensa entre el virus i la planta hoste. Quan un virus entra a una cèl·lula eucariota ha de lluitar amb l'activació de diferents mecanisme de defensa de l'hoste. El silenciament gènic per RNA constitueix una primera línia de defensa innata de la planta, i els propis virus son inductors, dianes i supressors d'aquest sistema de defensa. Les plantes a través d'aquest silenciament, són capaces de limitar la proliferació viral a les cèl·lules infectades, permetent un delicat equilibri entre la multiplicació del virus i la integritat cel·lular. En aquest equilibri es fonamenta la relació de compatibilitat existent a la interacció planta-virus. En aquest escenari, els virus utilitzen les seues proteïnes supressores de silenciament (VSR) per tal de modular els efectes antivirals del silenciament i reprogramar l'expressió gènica de l'hoste, proporcionant un entorn favorable per al desenvolupament de la infecció compatible. Amb aquest treball hem abordat la manera en la que els virus interaccionen amb el silenciament gènic en el context d'una infecció compatible. Emprant el virus del cascavelleig del tabac (TRV) com a sistema viral i Nicotiana. benthamiana i Arabidopsis thaliana com a hostes models, hem indagat en el potencial dels RNAs endògens curts de doble cadena (sRNAs) per guiar processos de silenciament sobre seqüències virals. Els nostres resultats suggereixen la possibilitat de interaccions funcionals entre microRNAs (miRNAs) i seqüències complementàries al genoma del virus, tot i que la seua rellevància com a mecanisme de control de la proliferació viral no ha estat tractat en aquest treball. La manera en la que TRV interacciona amb les rutes de silenciament es troba condicionada per l'efecte supressor de la proteïna 16K. Aquesta proteïna impedeix, al menys parcialment, l'acoblament dels complexos efectors del silenciament i pot llavors comprometre l'efecte del silenciament antiviral depenent de sRNAs, tant virals (vsiRNAs) com endògens. L'efecte supressor de TRV no sembla pertorbar globalment el contingut, composició relativa i activitat dels miRNAs, tot i que no es pot descartar que induïsca alteracions en el metabolisme d'espècies concretes.Martínez Priego, L. (2016). Actividad antiviral de pequeños RNAs endógenos y supresión de silenciamiento génico por la proteína 16K del virus del cascabeleo del tabaco (TRV) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61464TESI

A clinically compatible drug-screening platform based on organotypic cultures identifies vulnerabilities to prevent and treat brain metastasis

We report a medium-throughput drug-screening platform (METPlatform) based on organotypic cultures that allows to evaluate inhibitors against metastases growing in situ. By applying this approach to the unmet clinical need of brain metastasis, we identified several vulnerabilities. Among them, a blood-brain barrier permeable HSP90 inhibitor showed high potency against mouse and human brain metastases at clinically relevant stages of the disease, including a novel model of local relapse after neurosurgery. Furthermore, in situ proteomic analysis applied to metastases treated with the chaperone inhibitor uncovered a novel molecular program in brain metastasis, which includes biomarkers of poor prognosis and actionable mechanisms of resistance. Our work validates METPlatform as a potent resource for metastasis research integrating drug-screening and unbiased omic approaches that is compatible with human samples. Thus, this clinically relevant strategy is aimed to personalize the management of metastatic disease in the brain and elsewhere.Acknowledgments: This work was supported by MINECO (SAF2017-89643-R, SAF2014-57243-R, SAF2015-62547-ERC) (M.V.), Fundacion FERO (IX FERO Grant for Research in Oncology) (M.V.), Fundacio La Marato de TV3 (141) (M.V.), Melanoma Research Alliance (Bristol-Myers Squibb-Melanoma Research Alliance Young Investigator Award 2017 (https://doi.org/10.48050/pc.gr.75716)) (M.V.), Beug Foundation (Prize for Metastasis Research 2017) (M.V.), Fundacion Ramon Areces (CIVP19S8163) (M.V.) and CIVP20S10662 (E.O.P.), Worldwide Cancer Research (19-0177) (M.V.), H2020-FETOPEN (828972) (M.V.), Cancer Research Institute (Clinic and Laboratory Integration Program CRI Award 2018 (54545)) (M.V.), AECC (Coordinated Translational Groups 2017 (GCTRA16015SEOA) (M.V.), LAB AECC 2019 (LABAE19002-VALI) (M.V.), ERC CoG (864759) (M.V.), Sophien-Stiftung zur Förderung der klinischen Krebsforschung (T.W.), Promedica Stiftung (T.W.), Stiftung f€ur angewandte Krebsforschung (T.W.), Forschungskredit of the University of Zurich (FK-18-054) (T.W.), Betty and David Koetser Foundation for Brain Research (T.W.), Foundation for Applied Cancer Research in Zurich (T.W., M.W.), Comunidad de Madrid (S2017/BMD-3867 RENIM-CM and Y2018/NMT-4949 NanoLiver-CM) and European structural and investment funds (M.D.), ISCIII (PT20/00044) co-funded by FEDER “A way of making Europe” (M.D.), Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Universita e della Ricerca-MIUR, “Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018-2022”, (D15D18000410001) (L.B. and P.C.), Science Foundation Ireland Frontiers for the Future Award (19/FFP/6443) (L.Y.), Science Foundation Ireland Strategic Partnership Programme, Precision Oncology Ireland (18/SPP/3522) (L.Y.), Breast Cancer Now Fellowship Award/ with the generous support of Walk the Walk (2019AugSF1310) (D.V.), La Caixa-Severo Ochoa International PhD Program Fellowship (LCF/BQ/SO16/52270014) (L.Z.), La Caixa International PhD Program Fellowship-Marie Sklodowska-Curie (LCF/BQ/DI17/11620028) (P.G-G), MINECO-Severo Ochoa PhD Fellowship (BES-2017-081995) (L.A-E.), AECC Postdoctoral Fellowship (POSTD19016PRIE) (N.P.), Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds MD fellowship (L.M.). The contribution of the Experimental Therapeutics Programme was supported by core funding from the Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). CNIO is supported by the ISCIII, the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (SEV-2015-0510). The CNIC is supported by the ISCIII, the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion and the Pro CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (SEV-2015-0505). M.V. was named Ramon y Cajal Investigator (RYC-2013-13365) and is member of EMBO YIP (4053)

A clinically compatible drug-screening platform based on organotypic cultures identifies vulnerabilities to prevent and treat brain metastasis

We report a medium‐throughput drug‐screening platform (METPlatform) based on organotypic cultures that allows to evaluate inhibitors against metastases growing in situ. By applying this approach to the unmet clinical need of brain metastasis, we identified several vulnerabilities. Among them, a blood–brain barrier permeable HSP90 inhibitor showed high potency against mouse and human brain metastases at clinically relevant stages of the disease, including a novel model of local relapse after neurosurgery. Furthermore, in situ proteomic analysis applied to metastases treated with the chaperone inhibitor uncovered a novel molecular program in brain metastasis, which includes biomarkers of poor prognosis and actionable mechanisms of resistance. Our work validates METPlatform as a potent resource for metastasis research integrating drug‐screening and unbiased omic approaches that is compatible with human samples. Thus, this clinically relevant strategy is aimed to personalize the management of metastatic disease in the brain and elsewhere

Stratification of radiosensitive brain metastases based on an actionable S100A9/RAGE resistance mechanism

© The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is the treatment backbone for many patients with brain metastasis; however, its efficacy in preventing disease progression and the associated toxicity have questioned the clinical impact of this approach and emphasized the need for alternative treatments. Given the limited therapeutic options available for these patients and the poor understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance of metastatic lesions to WBRT, we sought to uncover actionable targets and biomarkers that could help to refine patient selection. Through an unbiased analysis of experimental in vivo models of brain metastasis resistant to WBRT, we identified activation of the S100A9-RAGE-NF-κB-JunB pathway in brain metastases as a potential mediator of resistance in this organ. Targeting this pathway genetically or pharmacologically was sufficient to revert the WBRT resistance and increase therapeutic benefits in vivo at lower doses of radiation. In patients with primary melanoma, lung or breast adenocarcinoma developing brain metastasis, endogenous S100A9 levels in brain lesions correlated with clinical response to WBRT and underscored the potential of S100A9 levels in the blood as a noninvasive biomarker. Collectively, we provide a molecular framework to personalize WBRT and improve its efficacy through combination with a radiosensitizer that balances therapeutic benefit and toxicity.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Unveiling microbiome signature in inner body fluids: comparison between wild and aquarium small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula)

[EN] The microbiome is a crucial influencer in animal development, immune function and health, and it has complex and dynamic interactions with the environment, but little is known about the microbial signatures of inner body fluids. Recent evidence suggests that inner body fluids could be an indicator of the environmental interactions that fish experience. In the present study, we provide a comparative analysis of the microbial profile found in small-spotted catsharks' blood plasma and seminal plasma and how microbial signatures vary between aquarium and wild animals. In the blood plasma microbiome, the habitat did not affect the & alpha;- and & beta;-diversity, while in seminal plasma, both & alpha;- and & beta;-diversity differed between both habitats. Proteobacteria are the main bacteria dominated independently the inner body fluid and habitats. No core microbiome was identified at the genus level, with only Pseudomonas and Cloacibacterium present in both inner body fluids and habitats. Of the 14 genera identified in blood plasma, only four were shared between habitats (making up 45.17% and 51.03% of relative abundance for wild and aquarium, respectively). Similarly, of the 100 genera identified in seminal plasma, only 41 were shared between habitats (84.79% and 64.83%, respectively). Moreover, in the seminal plasma, using ANCOM approaches, Serratia, Salinisphaera and Cutibacterium were found significantly enriched in aquarium animals. None potentially pathogenic bacteria were identified in the blood samples, while Coxiella, Prevotella, Coprococcus, Haemophilus and Phocoenobacter were potentially pathogenic bacteria identified in the seminal plasma samples. In summary, this study provides evidence of a circulating blood and seminal plasma microbiome in healthy small-spotted catsharks. Furthermore, dynamic changes were observed in the microbiome of these inner body fluids, which differed between the aquarium and wild habitats.Funding LL-R was supported by a research grant from the Generalitat Valenciana-Fondo Social Europeo (ACIF/2020/376).Muñoz-Baquero, M.; Lorenzo-Rebenaque, L.; García-Vázquez, FA.; García-Párraga, D.; Martínez-Priego, L.; De Marco-Romero, G.; Galán-Vendrel, I.... (2023). Unveiling microbiome signature in inner body fluids: comparison between wild and aquarium small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula). Frontiers in Marine Science. 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.11511191

STAT3 labels a subpopulation of reactive astrocytes required for brain metastasis.

The brain microenvironment imposes a particularly intense selective pressure on metastasis-initiating cells, but successful metastases bypass this control through mechanisms that are poorly understood. Reactive astrocytes are key components of this microenvironment that confine brain metastasis without infiltrating the lesion. Here, we describe that brain metastatic cells induce and maintain the co-option of a pro-metastatic program driven by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in a subpopulation of reactive astrocytes surrounding metastatic lesions. These reactive astrocytes benefit metastatic cells by their modulatory effect on the innate and acquired immune system. In patients, active STAT3 in reactive astrocytes correlates with reduced survival from diagnosis of intracranial metastases. Blocking STAT3 signaling in reactive astrocytes reduces experimental brain metastasis from different primary tumor sources, even at advanced stages of colonization. We also show that a safe and orally bioavailable treatment that inhibits STAT3 exhibits significant antitumor effects in patients with advanced systemic disease that included brain metastasis. Responses to this therapy were notable in the central nervous system, where several complete responses were achieved. Given that brain metastasis causes substantial morbidity and mortality, our results identify a novel treatment for increasing survival in patients with secondary brain tumors.We want to thank the CNIO Core Facilities for their excellent assistance. We also thank F.X. Real, O. Marin, M. Serrano, O. Fernandez-Capetillo and M. Soengas for critically reading the manuscript, P. Bos for advice with CD8+ T cell experiments, J. Massague (MSKCC) for the BrM cell lines, MEDA for Legasil, M. A. Perez (University of Copenhagen), H. Peinado (CNIO), M. Soengas (CNIO) and M. Squatrito (CNIO) for reagents. This work was supported by MINECO grants MINECO-Retos SAF201457243-R (M.V.), MINECO-Europa Excelencia SAF2015-62547-ERC (M.V.), FERO Grant for Research in Oncology (M.V.), Melanoma Research Alliance Young Investigator Award (M.V.), AECC Coordinated Translational Groups (M.V., E.M.-S. and S.R.y.C), SEOM (J.B.-B.), Pfizer WI190764 (J.B.-B.), Meda Pharma (J.B.-B.), Armangue Family Fund (JA.M. and J.B.-B.), La Caixa-Severo Ochoa International PhD Program Fellowship (L.Z.), FCT PhD Fellowship SFRH/BD/100089/2014 (C.M.), the Fulbright Program (W.B.). M.V. is a Ramon y Cajal Investigator (RYC-2013-13365). This work is dedicated to the memory of Maria Jesus Cortes Garin.S