Sub-fossil chironomids as indicators of hydrological changes in the shallow and high-altitude lake Shen Co, Tibetan Plateau, over the past two centuries

Understanding climate and monsoonal dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau is crucial, as recent hydrological changes, evidenced by rising lake levels, will be accelerated by current global warming and may alter aquatic habitats and species inventories. This study combines chironomid assemblages with sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical data of a short sediment core (37.5 cm) from the high-altitude (> 4,733 m asl), saline (9 g L-1) and shallow (~5 m water depth) Shen Co, located in the southern part of the central Tibetan Plateau. The predominantly littoral, species-poor (10 chironomid morphotypes) chironomid assemblages are dominated by salt-tolerant taxa, that are highly sensitive to lake level fluctuations and macrophyte vegetation dynamics, making them ideally suited for tracking lake level changes over time. Results indicate a period (from ca. 1830 to 1921 CE) of drier conditions with low runoff and high evaporation rates in the Shen Co catchment, as indicated by a dominance of low-Mg calcite and dolomite and increased Ca/Fe and Sr/Rb ratios. This resulted in a decline in lake levels, an increase in salinity and the periodic occurrence of desiccation events at the sampling site. The first chironomid morphotype to appear after the dry period is Acricotopus indet. morphotype incurvatus, which indicate still low (<2 m) but rising lake levels after 1921 CE due to increasing runoff and a lower evaporation/precipitation ratio, as reflected by coarser grain size, higher quartz content and increased TN, TOC and Al/Si ratios. A replacement of A. indet. morphotype incurvatus by Procladius is observed as lake level rise continued after 1950 CE. The highest lake level is proposed for the period since 2006 CE. From 1955 to 1960 CE and from 2011 to 2018 CE, the presence of the phytophilic taxon Psectrocladius sordidellus-type supported abundant macrophyte growth. These changes are consistent with climate reconstructions from the northern and central Tibetan Plateau, indicating warmer and wetter climate conditions since the beginning of the 20th century, which have led to an increase in lake level in a number of Tibetan lakes. Our study specifically highlights 1920 and 1950 as years with enhanced precipitation. This can be attributed to the strong, with overlapping multidecadal cycles of Westerlies and monsoon systems. This study demonstrates the significance of studying small, shallow lakes, as they frequently contain aquatic communities that respond more rapidly to the changes in the lake system. In addition, this study expands our understanding of the ecology of Tibetan chironomid morphotypes, highlighting this group’s potential as paleolimnological proxies for investigating past environmental and climatic changes

Promoción de la salud y entornos saludables

A forestar forestalAplicaci&oacute;n de un programa educativo participativo en salud&nbsp; bucal a una comunidad de adultos mayoresBiblioteca m&oacute;vil y su implementaci&oacute;n en el hospital Padre HurtadoConsumo de riesgo de alcohol en Chile: una propuesta innovadora de intervenci&oacute;nDise&ntilde;o de un programa interactivo de promoci&oacute;n de la salud vocal para NB1Encuentro formativo en promoci&oacute;n de salud y gesti&oacute;n de entornos saludables para TenoExperiencia docente: programa intersectorial de promoci&oacute;n/prevenci&oacute;n en preescolares de comunas vulnerables, Regi&oacute;n MetropolitanaFiltrado glomerular, m&eacute;todo preventivo aparici&oacute;n de fibrosis sist&eacute;mica nefrog&eacute;nica por gadolinio en examen de RMImplementaci&oacute;n de consejer&iacute;as en vida sana en APS, Regi&oacute;n de los R&iacute;osMedicina preventiva en feria libre de la poblaci&oacute;n San Gregorio: Cecof San Gregorio, Contagiando SaludMetodolog&iacute;a innovadora en la ense&ntilde;anza de una ectoparasitosisPrevenci&oacute;n de accidentes por mon&oacute;xido de carbono en edificios, Providencia 2002-2009Programa de promoci&oacute;n y prevenci&oacute;n en salud bucal para preescolaresPromoviendo h&aacute;bitos saludables en los vecinos de Re&ntilde;aca Alto, Vi&ntilde;a del Mar, 2009Rol de la capacitaci&oacute;n en la implementaci&oacute;n de acciones para la prevenci&oacute;n de la obesidadSatisfacci&oacute;n usuaria en el Cesfam Natales a un a&ntilde;o de su funcionamientoTres estrategias publicitarias y de comunicaci&oacute;n aplicadas al consumo de alcohol de bajo riesgoTropa de la salud: uso de los medios como forma de promover la salu

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Propuesta metodológica de pre-tenis para niños y niñas de nivel básico 1(NB1)

Tesis (Educación Física)A partir de los años setenta, la historia del tenis en Chile se ha caracterizado por tener destacadas figuras que sistemáticamente nos han entregado importantes triunfos internacionales, debido a este motivo el tenis ha tenido un notable desarrollo dentro del País. Sin embargo, creemos que no se han aprovechado estas instancias para crear planes de masificación, ni políticas de desarrollo a nivel de la iniciación escolar, así como también de la infraestructura tanto pública como privada. Se observó en la tesis de Paulina Sepúlveda y otros quienes en su investigación titulada "El Tenis en los establecimientos educacionales" que en las clases de educación física no se ha incluido la práctica de este deporte al ser considerado como no tradicional. Además de imaginar que no existe interés por parte de los educadores y los organismos estatales, de incorporar el tenis, como un medio más dentro de todos los que se dispone para el desarrollo de habilidades en las clases de educación física. Este planteamiento pretende ofrecer una herramienta fácil y atractiva que logre cautivar a los educadores, para que de esta manera, se logre incorporar la enseñanza de manera atrayente a los niños y niñas de nuestro país con relación al mini-tenis

Red para el diseño de horarios a través de las TIC de la Escuela Politécnica Superior de la Universidad de Alicante

Durante los últimos años se ha comprobado el elevado número de incidencias en los horarios de los estudiantes debido al número de solapamientos, errores de diseño de horarios, etc. Esto hace que muchos estudiantes no tengan un grupo claro hasta bien entrado el curso debido a los solapes o a los errores humanos en el diseño e introducción de horarios, bien porque no han acudido a la secretaría del centro o bien porque no existe posibilidad de cambio debido a las limitaciones de capacidad en sesiones prácticas o porque el error en el diseño es difícil de resolver y afecta a más de un estudiante con problemáticas muy diversas. Por otro lado, los profesores se ven ante la tesitura de tener estudiantes que aparecen y desaparecen de sus grupos, lo que genera frustración en el docente. La propuesta de la red se centra en un sistema de diseño de horarios a través de las TIC que se anticipe a estos problemas y sirva de ayuda y guía en el diseño, reduciendo considerablemente estas incidencias, lo cual repercutirá de forma positiva en el proceso de aprendizaje del estudiante

Sedimentary stratigraphy of Lake Chalco (Central Mexico) during its formative stages

Abstract Lake Chalco lies south of the Basin of Mexico and has been the subject of studies related to Late Quaternary climate variability. In 2016, the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program “MexiDrill Project” recovered a 520-m sediment record from Lake Chalco. Magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed substantial changes in sediment physical properties between 343 and 285 m depth, suggesting changes in composition associated with fluctuations in the depositional environment. We targeted sediments in the 343–285 m interval for high-resolution facies analysis, to develop a model of Lake Chalco formation. We identified three facies associations, using sediment composition, texture, mineralogy and micro-morphological characteristics: (1) detrital facies, consisting of laminated silt, massive sand, stratified silty sand, clast-supported gravel and matrix-supported gravel; (2) biogenic facies, which include diatom ooze and bivalve coquina; and (3) volcaniclastic facies, represented by clast-supported pumice deposits. We propose that formation of Lake Chalco occurred in four stages, which we identified by changes in sediment characteristics. The first stage was an alluvial delta environment, in which debris and hyper-concentrated flows were the main sediment transport agents. The second was characterized by turbulent flows in a fluvial deltaic environment, which alternated with laminar flows associated with floodplains. The third stage was a time of fluvio-lacustrine transition in the basin, with formation of the previously identified Paleo-Chalco-I Lake, in response to wet conditions. During the fourth stage, a deep eutrophic lake formed (Paleo-Chalco-II), with an origin that appears to have been related to regional volcanism. Our working age-depth model indicates establishment of the lake at ca. 400 ± 46 ka. This paper presents the only available record of the transition from alluvial to lacustrine sedimentation of Lake Chalco. Our results allow us to establish (1) how the lake was formed and what the phases of its development were, (2) how a major volcanic event altered and transformed the lacustrine sedimentation, and (3) which climatic conditions dominated during the lake formation. The age for the onset of the lacustrine sedimentation in Chalco is for the first time constrained to around 400 ka. This enables to expand our knowledge of the climate for a time for which there is no information from terrestrial records of tropical North America

Sub-fossil chironomids as indicators of hydrological changes in the shallow and high-altitude lake Shen Co, Tibetan Plateau, over the past two centuries

Understanding climate and monsoonal dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau is crucial, as recent hydrological changes, evidenced by rising lake levels, will be accelerated by current global warming and may alter aquatic habitats and species inventories. This study combines chironomid assemblages with sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical data of a short sediment core (37.5 cm) from the high-altitude (> 4,733 m asl), saline (9 g L-1) and shallow (~5 m water depth) Shen Co, located in the southern part of the central Tibetan Plateau. The predominantly littoral, species-poor (10 chironomid morphotypes) chironomid assemblages are dominated by salt-tolerant taxa, that are highly sensitive to lake level fluctuations and macrophyte vegetation dynamics, making them ideally suited for tracking lake level changes over time. Results indicate a period (from ca. 1830 to 1921 CE) of drier conditions with low runoff and high evaporation rates in the Shen Co catchment, as indicated by a dominance of low-Mg calcite and dolomite and increased Ca/Fe and Sr/Rb ratios. This resulted in a decline in lake levels, an increase in salinity and the periodic occurrence of desiccation events at the sampling site. The first chironomid morphotype to appear after the dry period is Acricotopus indet. morphotype incurvatus, which indicate still low (<2 m) but rising lake levels after 1921 CE due to increasing runoff and a lower evaporation/precipitation ratio, as reflected by coarser grain size, higher quartz content and increased TN, TOC and Al/Si ratios. A replacement of A. indet. morphotype incurvatus by Procladius is observed as lake level rise continued after 1950 CE. The highest lake level is proposed for the period since 2006 CE. From 1955 to 1960 CE and from 2011 to 2018 CE, the presence of the phytophilic taxon Psectrocladius sordidellus-type supported abundant macrophyte growth. These changes are consistent with climate reconstructions from the northern and central Tibetan Plateau, indicating warmer and wetter climate conditions since the beginning of the 20th century, which have led to an increase in lake level in a number of Tibetan lakes. Our study specifically highlights 1920 and 1950 as years with enhanced precipitation. This can be attributed to the strong, with overlapping multidecadal cycles of Westerlies and monsoon systems. This study demonstrates the significance of studying small, shallow lakes, as they frequently contain aquatic communities that respond more rapidly to the changes in the lake system. In addition, this study expands our understanding of the ecology of Tibetan chironomid morphotypes, highlighting this group’s potential as paleolimnological proxies for investigating past environmental and climatic changes