Supply chain management SCM

Nuevas alternativas organizativas emergen para atender los retos y una de ellas, es la de competencia entre redes de valor, a partir de estructuras federadas y extendidas. Supply Chain es la estructura, Supply Chain Management la gestión de las relaciones o enlaces entre las empresas del Supply Chain o Red de Valor, y Logística, lo que dinamiza dichas relaciones. Con este curso de logística aprendimos a manejar el conjunto de herramientas sistematizadas, las cuales son las más utilizadas en los principales sistemas y procesos de gestión logística. Dominando la técnica de planificar, implementar y controlar las operaciones que se diseñan creando valor en productos y servicios. Esta concepción organizativa además de crear altos niveles de complejidad, especialmente en el modelaje del Supply Chain, la definición de las relaciones y el diseño del sistema logístico, exige un tratamiento igualmente complejo con respecto al cambio, porque propone virar de una cultura imperante, a otra fundamentada en Supply Chain Management y Logística, desde una perspectiva moderna, la cual va más allá de la traducción literal (cadena de suministro), sino Red de Valor; ya que no son actividades logísticas aisladas, sino como una función de soporte al Supply Chain; ya no es un enfoque logístico fundamentado en la masa, sino fundamentado en la velocidad y la exactitud; el flujo de los materiales es jalonado por el mercado y no buscando producir para almacenar, el sistema organización no es funcional, sino por proceso. De acuerdo a esta nueva perspectiva resulta evidente que Supply Chain, Supply Chain Management, y Logística, enfrentan un acelerado cambio de contexto, exigiendo de los Ingenieros Industriales, respuestas en cada uno de los nodos que hacen parte de la red desde el punto de vista estratégico, táctico y operativo a lo largo de esta. El curso está enfocado a proveer a los estudiantes, de manera práctica y clara, las oportunidades que tienen nuestras organizaciones, con la implementación de estrategias en Supply Chain Management, y del conocimiento de los diferentes procesos logísticos como el aprovisionamiento, el transporte y la distribución y la gestión de almacenes e inventarios, como soporte a la gestión de la red de valor en una compañía para que pueda responder a las exigencias actuales de los mercados.New emerging organizational alternatives to address the challenges and one of them, is the competition between value networks, from federated and extended structures. Supply Chain is the structure, Supply Chain Management the management of relationships or links between the companies of Supply Chain or Value Network, and Logistics, which dynamizes these relationships. With this course of logistics you will learn to manage the set of systematized tools, which are the most used in the main systems and logistics management processes. Mastering the technique of planning, implementing and controlling the operations that are designed creating value in products and services. This organizational conception, in addition to creating high levels of complexity, especially in the modeling of the supply chain, the definition of relationships and the design of the logistics system, demands a complex work with respect to change, because it proposes to change from a prevailing culture , another one based on Supply Chain Management and Logistics, from a modern perspective, which beyond the literal translation, but Network of Value; since there are no isolated logistic activities, but as a function of support to the Supply Chain; it is no longer a logistic approach based on mass, but based on speed and accuracy; the flow of materials is marked by the market and can not be produced to store, the organization system is not functional, but by process. According to this new perspective it is evident that Supply Chain, Supply Chain Management, and Logistics, and a change of context, demanding from the industrial engineers, answers in each of the nodes that are part of the red from the strategic point of view , tactical and operative throughout this. The course is focused on providing students, in a practical and clear manner, the opportunities that our organizations have, with the implementation of strategies in Supply Chain Management, and the knowledge of the different logistic processes such as provisioning, transportation and distribution. and the management of warehouses and inventories, as a support to the management of the value network in a company so that it responds to the current demands of the markets

Ten golden rules for optimal antibiotic use in hospital settings: the WARNING call to action

Antibiotics are recognized widely for their benefits when used appropriately. However, they are often used inappropriately despite the importance of responsible use within good clinical practice. Effective antibiotic treatment is an essential component of universal healthcare, and it is a global responsibility to ensure appropriate use. Currently, pharmaceutical companies have little incentive to develop new antibiotics due to scientific, regulatory, and financial barriers, further emphasizing the importance of appropriate antibiotic use. To address this issue, the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery established an international multidisciplinary task force of 295 experts from 115 countries with different backgrounds. The task force developed a position statement called WARNING (Worldwide Antimicrobial Resistance National/International Network Group) aimed at raising awareness of antimicrobial resistance and improving antibiotic prescribing practices worldwide. The statement outlined is 10 axioms, or “golden rules,” for the appropriate use of antibiotics that all healthcare workers should consistently adhere in clinical practice

Production of inclusive ϒ(1S) and ϒ(2S) in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

We report on the production of inclusive Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV at the LHC. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector at backward (−4.46<ycms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<ycms<3.53) rapidity down to zero transverse momentum. The production cross sections of the Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) are presented, as well as the nuclear modification factor and the ratio of the forward to backward yields of Υ(1S). A suppression of the inclusive Υ(1S) yield in p-Pb collisions with respect to the yield from pp collisions scaled by the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions is observed at forward rapidity but not at backward rapidity. The results are compared to theoretical model calculations including nuclear shadowing or partonic energy loss effects

Measurement of electrons from semileptonic heavy-flavor hadron decays in pp collisions at √s = 2.76 TeV

The pT-differential production cross section of electrons from semileptonic decays of heavy-flavor hadrons has been measured at mid-rapidity in proton-proton collisions at s√=2.76 TeV in the transverse momentum range 0.5 < pT < 12 GeV/c with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The analysis was performed using minimum bias events and events triggered by the electromagnetic calorimeter. Predictions from perturbative QCD calculations agree with the data within the theoretical and experimental uncertainties

Beauty production in pp collisions at √s = 2.76 TeV measured via semi-electronic decays

The ALICE collaboration at the LHC reports measurement of the inclusive production cross section of electrons from semi-leptonic decays of beauty hadrons with rapidity |y|<0.8 and transverse momentum 1<pT<10 GeV/c, in pp collisions at s√= 2.76 TeV. Electrons not originating from semi-electronic decay of beauty hadrons are suppressed using the impact parameter of the corresponding tracks. The production cross section of beauty decay electrons is compared to the result obtained with an alternative method which uses the distribution of the azimuthal angle between heavy-flavour decay electrons and charged hadrons. Perturbative QCD calculations agree with the measured cross section within the experimental and theoretical uncertainties. The integrated visible cross section, σb→e=3.47±0.40(stat)+1.12−1.33(sys)±0.07(norm)μb, was extrapolated to full phase space using Fixed Order plus Next-to-Leading Log (FONLL) predictions to obtain the total bb¯ production cross section, σbb¯=130±15.1(stat)+42.1−49.8(sys)+3.4−3.1(extr)±2.5(norm)±4.4(BR)μb

Elliptic flow of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV

The elliptic flow, v2, of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity (2.5<y<4) is measured in Pb--Pb collisions at sNN−−−√~=~2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The scalar product, two- and four-particle Q cumulants and Lee-Yang zeros methods are used. The dependence of the v2 of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays on the collision centrality, in the range 0--40\%, and on transverse momentum, pT, is studied in the interval 3<pT<10~GeV/c. A positive v2 is observed with the scalar product and two-particle Q cumulants in semi-central collisions (10--20\% and 20--40\% centrality classes) for the pT interval from 3 to about 5 GeV/c. The v2 magnitude tends to decrease towards more central collisions and with increasing pT. It becomes compatible with zero in the interval 6<pT<10 GeV/c. The results are compared to models describing the interaction of heavy quarks and open heavy-flavour hadrons with the high-density medium formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. The model calculations describe the measured v2 within uncertainties

Measurement of an excess in the yield of J/ψ at very low pT in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV

We report on the first measurement of an excess in the yield of J/ψ at very low transverse momentum (pT<0.3 GeV/c) in peripheral hadronic Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV, performed by ALICE at the CERN LHC. Remarkably, the measured nuclear modification factor (RAA) of J/ψ in the rapidity range 2.5<y<4 reaches about 7 (2) in the pT range 0-0.3 GeV/c in the 70-90% (50-70%) centrality class. The J/ψ production cross section associated with the observed excess is obtained under the hypothesis that coherent photoproduction of J/ψ is the underlying physics mechanism. If confirmed, the observation of J/ψ coherent photoproduction in Pb-Pb collisions at impact parameters smaller than twice the nuclear radius opens new theoretical and experimental challenges and opportunities. In particular, coherent photoproduction accompanying hadronic collisions may provide insight into the dynamics of photoproduction and nuclear reactions, as well as become a novel probe of the Quark-Gluon Plasma

Two-pion femtoscopy in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

We report the results of the femtoscopic analysis of pairs of identical pions measured in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV. Femtoscopic radii are determined as a function of event multiplicity and pair momentum in three spatial dimensions. As in the pp collision system, the analysis is complicated by the presence of sizable background correlation structures in addition to the femtoscopic signal. The radii increase with event multiplicity and decrease with pair transverse momentum. When taken at comparable multiplicity, the radii measured in p-Pb collisions, at high multiplicity and low pair transverse momentum, are 10-20% higher than those observed in pp collisions but below those observed in A-A collisions. The results are compared to hydrodynamic predictions at large event multiplicity as well as discussed in the context of calculations based on gluon saturation

Measurement of pion, kaon and proton production in proton-proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

The measurement of primary π±, K±, p and p¯¯¯ production at mid-rapidity (|y|< 0.5) in proton-proton collisions at s√=7 TeV performed with ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is reported. Particle identification is performed using the specific ionization energy loss and time-of-flight information, the ring-imaging Cherenkov technique and the kink-topology identification of weak decays of charged kaons. Transverse momentum spectra are measured from 0.1 up to 3 GeV/c for pions, from 0.2 up to 6 GeV/c for kaons and from 0.3 up to 6 GeV/c for protons. The measured spectra and particle ratios are compared with QCD-inspired models, tuned to reproduce also the earlier measurements performed at the LHC. Furthermore, the integrated particle yields and ratios as well as the average transverse momenta are compared with results at lower collision energies

Elliptic flow of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at mid-rapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV

The elliptic flow of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at mid-rapidity (|y| < 0.7) is measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV with ALICE at the LHC. The particle azimuthal distribution with respect to the reaction plane can be parametrized with a Fourier expansion, where the second coefficient (v2) represents the elliptic flow. The v2 coefficient of inclusive electrons is measured in three centrality classes (0-10%, 10-20% and 20-40%) with the event plane and the scalar product methods in the transverse momentum (pT) intervals 0.5-13 GeV/c and 0.5-8 GeV/c, respectively. After subtracting the background, mainly from photon conversions and Dalitz decays of neutral mesons, a positive v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays is observed in all centrality classes, with a maximum significance of 5.9σ in the interval 2< pT < 2.5 GeV/c in semi-central collisions (20-40%). The value of v2 decreases towards more central collisions at low and intermediate pT (0.5 < pT < 3 GeV/c). The v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at mid-rapidity is found to be similar to the one of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity (2.5 < y < 4). The results are described within uncertainties by model calculations including substantial elastic interactions of heavy quarks with an expanding strongly-interacting medium