PRIVATE SECTOR AGRICULTURAL TENANCY ARRANGEMENTS IN EUROPE: THEMES AND DIMENSIONS; A CRITICAL REVIEW OF CURRENT LITERATURE

Although there is widespread support for the "ideal model" of agricultural production being based around the owner-occupier farmer, it is recognized that, for a variety of reasons, this ideal is neither always attainable nor desirable. There is also a need to ensure that farming becomes competitive when exposed fully to world markets. This means that farmers are likely to require the flexibility to expand their businesses in circumstances where they may not have the capital to purchase the additional assets. The need to find suitable systems for agricultural tenancy reform remains paramount as a means both for sustaining rural communities generally and for establishing mechanisms suitable for matching the demand for and supply of private land for rent. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recently commissioned a study of agricultural land tenure systems in order to identify elements of good practice in existing arrangements for the leasing of private sector agricultural land. This report is confined to a consideration of and commentary on the existing literature on tenure and tenancy arrangements as a basis for identifying examples of good practice. For the purposes of establishing good practice, this report concentrates on the market economies of northern and western Europe, predominantly the fifteen current member states of the European Union, while being aware of the principal dimensions of land reform in central and eastern European and former Soviet Union countries.Farm tenancy--Europe, Farm tenancy--Europe--Bibliography, Farm tenancy--Government policy--Europe, Land tenure--Europe, Land Economics/Use,

PRIVATE SECTOR AGRICULTURAL TENANCY ARRANGEMENTS IN EUROPE: THEMES AND DIMENSIONS; A CRITICAL REVIEW OF CURRENT LITERATURE

Although there is widespread support for the "ideal model" of agricultural production being based around the owner-occupier farmer, it is recognized that, for a variety of reasons, this ideal is neither always attainable nor desirable. There is also a need to ensure that farming becomes competitive when exposed fully to world markets. This means that farmers are likely to require the flexibility to expand their businesses in circumstances where they may not have the capital to purchase the additional assets. The need to find suitable systems for agricultural tenancy reform remains paramount as a means both for sustaining rural communities generally and for establishing mechanisms suitable for matching the demand for and supply of private land for rent. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recently commissioned a study of agricultural land tenure systems in order to identify elements of good practice in existing arrangements for the leasing of private sector agricultural land. This report is confined to a consideration of and commentary on the existing literature on tenure and tenancy arrangements as a basis for identifying examples of good practice. For the purposes of establishing good practice, this report concentrates on the market economies of northern and western Europe, predominantly the fifteen current member states of the European Union, while being aware of the principal dimensions of land reform in central and eastern European and former Soviet Union countries

Creation of land markets in transition countries : implications for the institutions of land administration

iii, 20 p.This paper describes (1) the processes of privatization of land management in selected transition countries and (2) the post-privatization changes in land administration institutions which are being crafted to establish land markets. It begins with the proposition that there are similar land market institutional problems which most "transition" countries are facing, due largely to common experiences in creating command economies during the past 50-80 years and the almost simultaneous decisions of these countries to move toward market political economies in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Each country has had unique historical experiences, but this paper proposes that there is enough similar institutional history among the transition countries to venture into comparative analysis. In this regard, the Albanian experience with land market institutional development is presented as being potentially relevant to experiences in other transition countries of Europe and the former Soviet Union. The broad question is: How can countries construct the institutions of immovable property markets once they have made the political-economic decision to "go market"

Private sector agricultural tenancy arrangements in Europe : themes and dimensions, a critical review of current literature

iv, 31 p.Although there is widespread support for the "ideal model" of agricultural production being based around the owner-occupier farmer, it is recognized that, for a variety of reasons, this ideal is neither always attainable nor desirable. There is also a need to ensure that farming becomes competitive when exposed fully to world markets. This means that farmers are likely to require the flexibility to expand their businesses in circumstances where they may not have the capital to purchase the additional assets. The need to find suitable systems for agricultural tenancy reform remains paramount as a means both for sustaining rural communities generally and for establishing mechanisms suitable for matching the demand for and supply of private land for rent. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recently commissioned a study of agricultural land tenure systems in order to identify elements of good practice in existing arrangements for the leasing of private sector agricultural land. This report is confined to a consideration of and commentary on the existing literature on tenure and tenancy arrangements as a basis for identifying examples of good practice. For the purposes of establishing good practice, this report concentrates on the market economies of northern and western Europe, predominantly the fifteen current member states of the European Union, while being aware of the principal dimensions of land reform in central and eastern European and former Soviet Union countries

Outdoor Recreation and Participative Democracy in England and Wales

The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 places a duty on highways and national park authorities to establish local access forums (LAFs), to advise on the improvement of public access to land for the purposes of open air recreation and enjoyment. This paper examines these proposals in the context of recent academic and political debates about deliberative democracy, and empirical research on the nature and practice of existing access liaison groups and forums. While demonstrating that the proposed LAFs are consistent with contemporary constructs of participative, if not deliberative democracy, the paper argues that most existing groups and forums fall short of this ideal, in a number of significant respects. The paper proceeds to discuss the extent to which the draft regulations for LAFs in England and Wales address these issues, and concludes by questioning the extent to which such consultative arrangements can contribute to new forms of local governance.

Antibody-specific detection of CAIX in breast and prostate cancers.

Contains fulltext : 80121.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is frequently expressed in human tumors and serves as a marker for hypoxia. Further, CAIX expression is considered a predictor of poor survival in many, but not all, cancer types. Herein, we compare the specificity of two CAIX antibodies: the M75, monoclonal antibody which recognizes an epitope in the N-terminus and a commercially available polyclonal antibody generated against a C-terminal peptide (NB100-417). Western blot analysis of multiple breast cell lines revealed that the polyclonal antibody detected both membrane-bound and soluble proteins. The M75 antibody recognized only the membrane-bound species, which is presumed to be CAIX. These data were confirmed in an aggressive prostate cell line. We further compared these antibodies in prostate tumors by immunohistochemistry. Staining with NB100 was comparable to that of the M75 antibody, but only at high dilution. Otherwise, cytoplasmic staining was also noted. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the cytoplasmic protein detected by NB100 is beta-tubulin. This cross-reactivity could lead to false-positives for CAIX expression in samples where cytosolic proteins are present

Chronic exposure to high levels of dietary iron fortification increases lipid peroxidation in the mucosa of the rat large intestine

There is increasing evidence that excess dietary iron may be a risk factor for colorectal cancer. However, the majority of animal studies looking at possible mechanism have used unrealistically high concentrations of iron. The current study was designed to test whether chronic exposure to high levels of iron fortification affects the free radical generating capacity of the lumenal contents, mucosal lipid peroxidation and crypt cell proliferation. Rats were fed diets containing either 29 mg/kg or 102 mg/kg of elemental iron for 6 mo. The free radical generating capacity of lumenal contents was assessed using an in vitro assay. Crypt cell proliferation rate was measured in tissues taken from the cecum and colon, with the remaining tissue being used for the assessment of lipid peroxidation. Chronic feeding of iron did not increase crypt cell proliferation rate in either the colon or cecum, but it was associated with an increase in free radical generating capacity in the colon and increased lipid peroxidation, particularly in the cecum. These results may be relevant to epidemiological evidence showing that dietary iron is associated with the risk of proximal colon cancer in humans