The Importance of 6-Aminohexanoic Acid as a Hydrophobic, Flexible Structural Element

6-aminohexanoic acid is an ω-amino acid with a hydrophobic, flexible structure. Although the ω-amino acid in question is mainly used clinically as an antifibrinolytic drug, other applications are also interesting and important. This synthetic lysine derivative, without an α-amino group, plays a significant role in chemical synthesis of modified peptides and in the polyamide synthetic fibers (nylon) industry. It is also often used as a linker in various biologically active structures. This review concentrates on the role of 6-aminohexanoic acid in the structure of various molecules

Large pancreatic pseudocyst penetrating into posterior mediastinum

We report a rare case of a large mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst compressing the left atrium and the esophagus and causing dyspnea, palpitations, and emesis. Chest radiograph was non-diagnostic, esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed diffuse extrinsic compression of the distal esophagus and gastric corpus, but a definitive diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomography. We decided to perform surgery due to the recurrence of the pancreatic pseudocyst, a history of unsuccessful radiologically guided external drainage a few years earlier, and a very large diameter of the pseudocyst causing acute cardio-pulmonary distress syndrome

Duża torbiel rzekoma trzustki penetrująca do śródpiersia tylnego

Przedstawiamy przypadek dużej torbieli rzekomej trzustki w śródpiersiu powodującej ucisk lewego przedsionka i przełyku, co objawiało się dusznością, kołataniem serca i wymiotami. Zdjęcie RTG klatki piersiowej było niediagnostyczne, w ezofagogastroduodenoskopii uwidoczniono rozlany zewnętrzny ucisk na dystalny odcinek przełyku i trzon żołądka, natomiast ostateczne rozpoznanie postawiono w oparciu o tomografię komputerową. Zdecydowano się na zabieg operacyjny z powodu nawrotowości torbieli rzekomej trzustki, wywiad nieskuteczności zewnętrznego drenażu torbieli pod kontrolą radiologiczną kilka lat przed hospitalizacją oraz dużą średnicę torbieli rzekomej, która powodowała ostrą niewydolność krążeniowo-oddechową

Extreme duration exercise affects old and younger men differently

AIM & METHODS: Extreme endurance exercise provides a valuable research model for understanding the adaptive metabolic response of older and younger individuals to intense physical activity. Here, we compare a wide range of metabolic and physiologic parameters in two cohorts of seven trained men, age 30 ± 5 years or age 65 ± 6 years, before and after the participants travelled ≈3000 km by bicycle over 15 days. RESULTS: Over the 15‐day exercise intervention, participants lost 2–3 kg fat mass with no significant change in body weight. V̇O(2)max did not change in younger cyclists, but decreased (p = 0.06) in the older cohort. The resting plasma FFA concentration decreased markedly in both groups, and plasma glucose increased in the younger group. In the older cohort, plasma LDL‐cholesterol and plasma triglyceride decreased. In skeletal muscle, fat transporters CD36 and FABPm remained unchanged. The glucose handling proteins GLUT4 and SNAP23 increased in both groups. Mitochondrial ROS production decreased in both groups, and ADP sensitivity increased in skeletal muscle in the older but not in the younger cohort. CONCLUSION: In summary, these data suggest that older but not younger individuals experience a negative adaptive response affecting cardiovascular function in response to extreme endurance exercise, while a positive response to the same exercise intervention is observed in peripheral tissues in younger and older men. The results also suggest that the adaptive thresholds differ in younger and old men, and this difference primarily affects central cardiovascular functions in older men after extreme endurance exercise